{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2169689148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00447","title":"The Support Feature Machine: Classification with the Least Number of Features and Application to Neuroimaging Data","display_name":"The Support Feature Machine: Classification with the Least Number of Features and Application to Neuroimaging Data","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2169689148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00447","mag":"2169689148","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23517095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083722098","display_name":"Sascha Klement","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sascha Klement","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck 23562, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck 23562, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029011014","display_name":"Silke Anders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5099-0995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Silke Anders","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck 23562, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck 23562, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014856404","display_name":"Thomas Martinetz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4539-4475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Martinetz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck 23562, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck 23562, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014856404","https://openalex.org/A5029011014","https://openalex.org/A5083722098"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5982,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69919997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"6","first_page":"1548","last_page":"1584"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.7493932843208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperplane","display_name":"Hyperplane","score":0.6695649027824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6578739881515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6049305200576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.5811106562614441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.580767035484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.552659273147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5389557480812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5388801097869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4967530369758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.46012377738952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.45773911476135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-space","display_name":"Separable space","score":0.41669443249702454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3505549132823944}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.7493932843208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68693459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657586","display_name":"Hyperplane","level":2,"score":0.6695649027824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6578739881515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6049305200576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.5811106562614441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.580767035484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.552659273147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5389557480812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5388801097869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4967530369758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.46012377738952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.45773911476135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70710897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081","display_name":"Separable space","level":2,"score":0.41669443249702454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3505549132823944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010100","descriptor_name":"Oxygen","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010100","descriptor_name":"Oxygen","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010100","descriptor_name":"Oxygen","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23517095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23517095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35171759","https://openalex.org/W129457532","https://openalex.org/W1499959019","https://openalex.org/W1533970595","https://openalex.org/W1541623588","https://openalex.org/W1971169197","https://openalex.org/W1975899243","https://openalex.org/W1995751421","https://openalex.org/W2008772536","https://openalex.org/W2021515139","https://openalex.org/W2025472057","https://openalex.org/W2041050058","https://openalex.org/W2045185094","https://openalex.org/W2053724458","https://openalex.org/W2058046532","https://openalex.org/W2073829263","https://openalex.org/W2097839764","https://openalex.org/W2109363337","https://openalex.org/W2116710345","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2119479037","https://openalex.org/W2120451046","https://openalex.org/W2121148108","https://openalex.org/W2123927491","https://openalex.org/W2124225314","https://openalex.org/W2129158941","https://openalex.org/W2133958955","https://openalex.org/W2143947644","https://openalex.org/W2149585871","https://openalex.org/W2156246479","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2492794003","https://openalex.org/W4230674625","https://openalex.org/W4231623949","https://openalex.org/W4231923904","https://openalex.org/W4251871045","https://openalex.org/W4254191750","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2369655046","https://openalex.org/W2019467317","https://openalex.org/W1585519779","https://openalex.org/W1965515989","https://openalex.org/W4376167435","https://openalex.org/W2088737283","https://openalex.org/W1999587863","https://openalex.org/W1929902734","https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W2042783797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"By":[0],"minimizing":[1],"the":[2,5,8,14,40,43,73,78,95,112,120,127,144,160],"zero-norm":[3],"of":[4,20,22,42,72,77,85,106,123,130],"separating":[6],"hyperplane,":[7],"support":[9,51],"feature":[10,53,98,140,167],"machine":[11],"(SFM)":[12],"finds":[13],"smallest":[15,121],"subspace":[16],"(the":[17],"least":[18],"number":[19,129],"features)":[21],"a":[23,69,103,147,163],"data":[24,44,89,135,152,173],"set":[25],"such":[26],"that":[27,156,175],"within":[28],"this":[29,64,81],"subspace,":[30],"two":[31],"classes":[32],"are":[33],"linearly":[34],"separable":[35],"without":[36],"error.":[37],"This":[38],"way,":[39],"dimensionality":[41],"is":[45,90],"more":[46],"efficiently":[47],"reduced":[48],"than":[49],"with":[50],"vector-based":[52],"selection,":[54,168],"which":[55,92],"can":[56,114],"be":[57,115],"shown":[58],"both":[59,119],"theoretically":[60],"and":[61,87,100,126,180],"empirically.":[62],"In":[63],"letter,":[65],"we":[66,137],"first":[67],"provide":[68],"new":[70,82],"formulation":[71],"previously":[74],"introduced":[75],"concept":[76],"SFM.":[79],"With":[80],"formulation,":[83],"classification":[84,101],"unbalanced":[86],"nonseparable":[88],"straightforward,":[91],"allows":[93],"using":[94],"SFM":[96,113,145,161],"for":[97,166,170],"selection":[99,141],"in":[102,133,178],"large":[104],"variety":[105],"different":[107],"scenarios.":[108],"To":[109],"illustrate":[110],"how":[111],"used":[116],"to":[117,146],"identify":[118],"subset":[122],"discriminative":[124],"features":[125,132],"total":[128],"informative":[131],"biological":[134,179],"sets":[136,174],"apply":[138],"repetitive":[139],"based":[142],"on":[143],"functional":[148],"magnetic":[149],"resonance":[150],"imaging":[151],"set.":[153],"We":[154],"suggest":[155],"these":[157],"capabilities":[158],"qualify":[159],"as":[162],"universal":[164],"method":[165],"especially":[169],"high-dimensional":[171],"small-sample-size":[172],"often":[176],"occur":[177],"medical":[181],"applications.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}