{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2154401781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00424","title":"A Self-Organized Neural Comparator","display_name":"A Self-Organized Neural Comparator","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2154401781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00424","mag":"2154401781","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23339611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00424","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guillermo A. Ludue\u00f1a","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillermo A. Ludue\u00f1a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen 60438, Germany luduena@itp.uni-frankfurt.de"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen 60438, Germany luduena@itp.uni-frankfurt.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Claudius Gros","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudius Gros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen 60438, Germany gros07@itp.uni-frankfurt.de"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen 60438, Germany gros07@itp.uni-frankfurt.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12499216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"1006","last_page":"1028"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.17430000007152557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.17430000007152557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.15850000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.10000000149011612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparator","display_name":"Comparator","score":0.7544000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5849000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-rule","display_name":"Learning rule","score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-neural-network","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4147000014781952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155745195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164179","display_name":"Comparator","level":3,"score":0.7544000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6816999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5849000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5382999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779127903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510194","display_name":"Learning rule","level":3,"score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47702885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441227","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","level":3,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3832189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8588916","display_name":"Models of neural computation","level":3,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120822770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156355","display_name":"Competitive learning","level":3,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118403218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43283","display_name":"Biological neural network","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77637269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002051","display_name":"Neural coding","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23339611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23339611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1210.6230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.6230","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1210.6230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556929283","https://openalex.org/W1572568267","https://openalex.org/W1979425098","https://openalex.org/W1983442851","https://openalex.org/W1990046384","https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W1991843519","https://openalex.org/W2056807255","https://openalex.org/W2062188154","https://openalex.org/W2078835982","https://openalex.org/W2083023271","https://openalex.org/W2083865732","https://openalex.org/W2108384452","https://openalex.org/W2111616148","https://openalex.org/W2131329059","https://openalex.org/W2131498344","https://openalex.org/W2144219012","https://openalex.org/W2150159007","https://openalex.org/W2168545265","https://openalex.org/W3104945870","https://openalex.org/W4255229883","https://openalex.org/W6630210095","https://openalex.org/W6631277536"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"algorithms":[1],"need":[2,16],"generally":[3],"the":[4,39,43,74,81,84,96,100,117,122,125,128,137,147,150,153,172,176,199,207,212,216,231,246],"ability":[5],"to":[6,22,47,119,121,171,209,239],"compare":[7,23,240],"several":[8,24],"streams":[9,87,249],"of":[10,41,45,83,98,139,149,182,198,214,254],"information.":[11],"Neural":[12],"learning":[13,55],"architectures":[14],"hence":[15],"a":[17,19,183,190,252],"unit,":[18],"comparator,":[20],"able":[21,238],"inputs":[25],"encoding":[26,233],"either":[27],"internal":[28],"or":[29,159],"external":[30,157],"information,":[31],"for":[32,196],"instance,":[33],"predictions":[34,46],"and":[35,53,90,127,230,250],"sensory":[36,49,247],"readings.":[37],"Without":[38],"possibility":[40],"comparing":[42,73,215],"values":[44],"actual":[48],"inputs,":[50,155],"reward":[51],"evaluation":[52],"supervised":[54],"would":[56],"not":[57,63],"be":[58,93],"possible.":[59],"Comparators":[60],"are":[61,68],"usually":[62],"implemented":[64],"explicitly.":[65],"Necessary":[66],"comparisons":[67],"commonly":[69],"performed":[70],"by":[71],"directly":[72],"respective":[75,154],"activities":[76,218],"one-to-one.":[77],"This":[78],"implies":[79],"that":[80,106],"characteristics":[82],"two":[85],"input":[86,126,140,177,248],"(like":[88],"size":[89,229],"encoding)":[91],"must":[92],"provided":[94],"at":[95],"time":[97],"designing":[99],"system.":[101],"It":[102],"is,":[103],"however,":[104],"plausible":[105],"biological":[107],"comparators":[108],"emerge":[109],"from":[110,146,220],"self-organizing,":[111],"genetically":[112],"encoded":[113],"principles,":[114],"which":[115,188,224],"allow":[116],"system":[118,151,180],"adapt":[120],"changes":[123],"in":[124,166,175,227,245],"organism.":[129],"We":[130],"propose":[131],"an":[132,167],"unsupervised":[133,168],"neural":[134,163,186,217,222,232],"circuitry,":[135],"where":[136],"function":[138],"comparison":[141],"emerges":[142],"via":[143],"self-organization":[144],"only":[145],"interaction":[148],"with":[152],"without":[156],"influence":[158],"supervision.":[160],"The":[161,179,202,235],"proposed":[162],"comparator":[164,236],"adapts":[165],"form":[169],"according":[170],"correlations":[173],"present":[174],"streams.":[178],"consists":[181],"multilayer":[184],"feedforward":[185],"network,":[187],"follows":[189],"local":[191,203],"output":[192,204],"minimization":[193,205],"(anti-Hebbian)":[194],"rule":[195],"adaptation":[197],"synaptic":[200],"weights.":[201],"allows":[206],"circuit":[208],"autonomously":[210],"acquire":[211],"capability":[213],"received":[219],"different":[221],"populations,":[223],"may":[225],"differ":[226],"population":[228],"used.":[234],"is":[237],"objects":[241],"never":[242],"encountered":[243],"before":[244],"evaluate":[251],"measure":[253],"their":[255],"similarity":[256],"even":[257],"when":[258],"differently":[259],"encoded.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}