{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016840647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00277","title":"Adaptive Optimal Control Without Weight Transport","display_name":"Adaptive Optimal Control Without Weight Transport","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016840647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00277","mag":"2016840647","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22364503"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077038123","display_name":"Lakshminarayan V. Chinta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lakshminarayan V. Chinta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050906811","display_name":"Douglas Tweed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4295-1977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas B. Tweed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0414,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7697926,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"1487","last_page":"1518"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10046","display_name":"Stability and Control of Uncertain Systems","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46643543243408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.46294131875038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-control","display_name":"Adaptive control","score":0.45626094937324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.39921772480010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3681802749633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3563985526561737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3479015827178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3385690450668335}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46643543243408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.46294131875038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.45626094937324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.39921772480010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3681802749633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3563985526561737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3479015827178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3385690450668335}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22364503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22364503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44157068","https://openalex.org/W195033972","https://openalex.org/W1484739396","https://openalex.org/W1486735428","https://openalex.org/W1487127700","https://openalex.org/W1492221128","https://openalex.org/W1503911522","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1517236425","https://openalex.org/W1535810436","https://openalex.org/W1559107966","https://openalex.org/W1560241183","https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1574514837","https://openalex.org/W1577258119","https://openalex.org/W1586338196","https://openalex.org/W1596318652","https://openalex.org/W1605696394","https://openalex.org/W1659561622","https://openalex.org/W1808400198","https://openalex.org/W1819447595","https://openalex.org/W1956636948","https://openalex.org/W1966126529","https://openalex.org/W1980440818","https://openalex.org/W1980801308","https://openalex.org/W1983357248","https://openalex.org/W1999542175","https://openalex.org/W2001257668","https://openalex.org/W2004359079","https://openalex.org/W2004609551","https://openalex.org/W2008008116","https://openalex.org/W2009130045","https://openalex.org/W2017767281","https://openalex.org/W2017910024","https://openalex.org/W2025977958","https://openalex.org/W2029776687","https://openalex.org/W2036244090","https://openalex.org/W2036560603","https://openalex.org/W2046162386","https://openalex.org/W2047090868","https://openalex.org/W2048424346","https://openalex.org/W2054131499","https://openalex.org/W2060054159","https://openalex.org/W2060671266","https://openalex.org/W2065295258","https://openalex.org/W2070438090","https://openalex.org/W2074760277","https://openalex.org/W2083283377","https://openalex.org/W2089267847","https://openalex.org/W2097180914","https://openalex.org/W2097861969","https://openalex.org/W2098032138","https://openalex.org/W2103606770","https://openalex.org/W2104552245","https://openalex.org/W2108286682","https://openalex.org/W2108712028","https://openalex.org/W2109302401","https://openalex.org/W2111034649","https://openalex.org/W2129386380","https://openalex.org/W2136895343","https://openalex.org/W2139882380","https://openalex.org/W2152529501","https://openalex.org/W2153290280","https://openalex.org/W2155027007","https://openalex.org/W2159110831","https://openalex.org/W2162160137","https://openalex.org/W2164649534","https://openalex.org/W2288231337","https://openalex.org/W2481926318","https://openalex.org/W2492794003","https://openalex.org/W2542390217","https://openalex.org/W2595697910","https://openalex.org/W2911283634","https://openalex.org/W2914656440","https://openalex.org/W2961703895","https://openalex.org/W2988545412","https://openalex.org/W3120055268","https://openalex.org/W3144619878","https://openalex.org/W4239216443","https://openalex.org/W4247767980","https://openalex.org/W4253110186","https://openalex.org/W4299511277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982160337","https://openalex.org/W1971380437","https://openalex.org/W1983548084","https://openalex.org/W2141691317","https://openalex.org/W2110846987","https://openalex.org/W2160609742","https://openalex.org/W2979526210","https://openalex.org/W1997414638","https://openalex.org/W2031091109","https://openalex.org/W2049254832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"neural":[1,32,102],"control":[2,13,69],"systems":[3],"are":[4,16,27],"at":[5],"least":[6],"roughly":[7],"optimized,":[8],"but":[9,21],"how":[10,67],"is":[11,43],"optimal":[12,68],"learned?":[14],"There":[15],"algorithms":[17],"for":[18,30,87,101],"this":[19],"purpose,":[20],"in":[22,46,93],"their":[23],"current":[24],"forms,":[25],"they":[26,35],"not":[28,44],"suited":[29],"biological":[31],"networks":[33],"because":[34],"rely":[36],"on":[37],"a":[38,79],"type":[39],"of":[40,56,81,90],"communication":[41],"that":[42,84],"available":[45],"the":[47,52,88,94],"brain,":[48],"namely,":[49],"weight":[50,74,91],"transport-transmitting":[51],"strengths,":[53],"or":[54],"\"weights,\"":[55],"individual":[57],"synapses":[58,61],"to":[59],"other":[60],"and":[62,96],"neurons.":[63],"Here":[64],"we":[65],"show":[66],"can":[70,85],"be":[71,99],"learned":[72],"without":[73],"transport.":[75],"Our":[76],"method":[77],"involves":[78],"set":[80],"simple":[82],"mechanisms":[83],"compensate":[86],"absence":[89],"transport":[92],"brain":[95],"so":[97],"may":[98],"useful":[100],"computation":[103],"generally.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T13:55:30.953635","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}