{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2132424367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00052","title":"Deep, Big, Simple Neural Nets for Handwritten Digit Recognition","display_name":"Deep, Big, Simple Neural Nets for Handwritten Digit Recognition","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2132424367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00052","mag":"2132424367","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20858131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.0358","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108511112","display_name":"Dan Claudiu Cire\u015fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Claudiu Cire\u015fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDSIA, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland, and University of Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland, and Sculoa universitaria professionale della svizzera italiana, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDSIA, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland, and University of Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland, and Sculoa universitaria professionale della svizzera italiana, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034624351","display_name":"Ueli Meier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ueli Meier","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDSIA, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland, and University of Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland, and Sculoa universitaria professionale della svizzera italiana, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDSIA, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland, and University of Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland, and Sculoa universitaria professionale della svizzera italiana, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109533956","display_name":"Luca Maria Gambardella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2555-1762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Maria Gambardella","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDSIA, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland, and University of Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland, and Sculoa universitaria professionale della svizzera italiana, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDSIA, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland, and University of Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland, and Sculoa universitaria professionale della svizzera italiana, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071172037","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDSIA, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland, and University of Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland, and Sculoa universitaria professionale della svizzera italiana, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDSIA, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland, and University of Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland, and Sculoa universitaria professionale della svizzera italiana, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.5469,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1067,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99812599,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"12","first_page":"3207","last_page":"3220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.6919189095497131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5661756992340088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digit-recognition","display_name":"Digit recognition","score":0.5654210448265076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5319647789001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5216703414916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-digit","display_name":"Numerical digit","score":0.5152161717414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.457223117351532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4518257975578308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4364092946052551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.2676105499267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24373719096183777}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6919189095497131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5661756992340088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984784707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Digit recognition","level":3,"score":0.5654210448265076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5319647789001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5216703414916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94957134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82990","display_name":"Numerical digit","level":2,"score":0.5152161717414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.457223117351532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4518257975578308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4364092946052551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.2676105499267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24373719096183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20858131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20858131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1003.0358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.0358","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.0358","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1003.0358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.0358","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.0358","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320998","display_name":"Kommission f\u00fcr Technologie und Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/012y9zp98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W194249466","https://openalex.org/W205159212","https://openalex.org/W645920547","https://openalex.org/W1530262073","https://openalex.org/W1543614656","https://openalex.org/W1573503290","https://openalex.org/W1899504021","https://openalex.org/W2029949252","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2071039340","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2110798204","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113929681","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2139427956","https://openalex.org/W2149845449","https://openalex.org/W2156163116","https://openalex.org/W2159737176","https://openalex.org/W2170393096","https://openalex.org/W2172174689","https://openalex.org/W2565808444","https://openalex.org/W2597289420","https://openalex.org/W2623293810","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3121926921","https://openalex.org/W3207342693","https://openalex.org/W4247111660","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300402905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2911525106","https://openalex.org/W2736239746","https://openalex.org/W2169083538","https://openalex.org/W2397763568","https://openalex.org/W1945018945","https://openalex.org/W2365666152","https://openalex.org/W3154661292","https://openalex.org/W3037127226","https://openalex.org/W4367793605","https://openalex.org/W3042204386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Good":[0],"old":[1],"online":[2],"backpropagation":[3],"for":[4],"plain":[5],"multilayer":[6],"perceptrons":[7],"yields":[8],"a":[9],"very":[10],"low":[11],"0.35%":[12],"error":[13],"rate":[14],"on":[15],"the":[16],"MNIST":[17],"handwritten":[18],"digits":[19],"benchmark.":[20],"All":[21],"we":[22],"need":[23],"to":[24,43,49],"achieve":[25],"this":[26],"best":[27],"result":[28],"so":[29],"far":[30],"are":[31],"many":[32,35],"hidden":[33],"layers,":[34],"neurons":[36],"per":[37],"layer,":[38],"numerous":[39],"deformed":[40],"training":[41],"images":[42],"avoid":[44],"overfitting,":[45],"and":[46],"graphics":[47],"cards":[48],"greatly":[50],"speed":[51],"up":[52],"learning.":[53]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":106},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":132},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":98},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":107},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":103},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":32}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}