{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323913440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.09-07-610","title":"Spike-Timing Error Backpropagation in Theta Neuron Networks","display_name":"Spike-Timing Error Backpropagation in Theta Neuron Networks","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323913440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.09-07-610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco.2009.09-07-610","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.09-07-610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049282767","display_name":"Sam McKennoch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","display_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","ror":"https://ror.org/02mn0vt57","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1295345811","https://openalex.org/I4210140053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sam McKennoch","raw_affiliation_strings":["INRIA, Campus Scientifique, F-54506 Vandoevre-Les-Nancy, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INRIA, Campus Scientifique, F-54506 Vandoevre-Les-Nancy, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811","https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069060586","display_name":"Thomas Voegtlin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","display_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","ror":"https://ror.org/02mn0vt57","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1295345811","https://openalex.org/I4210140053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Voegtlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["INRIA, Campus Scientifique, F-54506 Vandoevre-Les-Nancy, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INRIA, Campus Scientifique, F-54506 Vandoevre-Les-Nancy, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811","https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003489427","display_name":"Linda Bushnell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8751-2409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linda Bushnell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003489427","https://openalex.org/A5049282767","https://openalex.org/A5069060586"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9151,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74643368,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"9","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-rule","display_name":"Learning rule","score":0.6587307453155518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.6130750179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6053416132926941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.591851532459259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"Gradient descent","score":0.5894339084625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5555324554443359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.5513142347335815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5197253227233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5170900821685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/models-of-neural-computation","display_name":"Models of neural computation","score":0.4984622001647949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4373440146446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postsynaptic-potential","display_name":"Postsynaptic potential","score":0.4367648959159851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3550410270690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2737126052379608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2697967290878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09594491124153137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779127903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510194","display_name":"Learning rule","level":3,"score":0.6587307453155518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.6130750179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6053416132926941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.591851532459259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.5894339084625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5555324554443359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.5513142347335815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5197253227233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5170900821685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3832189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8588916","display_name":"Models of neural computation","level":3,"score":0.4984622001647949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4373440146446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197341189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863533","display_name":"Postsynaptic potential","level":3,"score":0.4367648959159851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3550410270690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2737126052379608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2697967290878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09594491124153137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco.2009.09-07-610","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.09-07-610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:inria-00336098v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/inria-00336098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation, 2009, Jan 2009, 21 (1), pp.9-45. &#x27E8;10.1162/neco.2009.09-07-610&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W304710776","https://openalex.org/W1489213086","https://openalex.org/W1512746852","https://openalex.org/W1576838367","https://openalex.org/W1967983190","https://openalex.org/W1969557815","https://openalex.org/W1970109917","https://openalex.org/W1970789124","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W1982580897","https://openalex.org/W1983520016","https://openalex.org/W1995833382","https://openalex.org/W2001391313","https://openalex.org/W2007130816","https://openalex.org/W2016121451","https://openalex.org/W2030880573","https://openalex.org/W2057791663","https://openalex.org/W2060561757","https://openalex.org/W2071147887","https://openalex.org/W2072413244","https://openalex.org/W2085837242","https://openalex.org/W2089316513","https://openalex.org/W2091845343","https://openalex.org/W2097560155","https://openalex.org/W2106256084","https://openalex.org/W2115831804","https://openalex.org/W2116494657","https://openalex.org/W2132250852","https://openalex.org/W2135736527","https://openalex.org/W2142770417","https://openalex.org/W2143553955","https://openalex.org/W2156432573","https://openalex.org/W2157239334","https://openalex.org/W2165115445","https://openalex.org/W2170527455","https://openalex.org/W2296517718","https://openalex.org/W2477347005","https://openalex.org/W2531017273","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W4238614602","https://openalex.org/W4244148010","https://openalex.org/W4254300870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115605526","https://openalex.org/W3093883775","https://openalex.org/W1539246760","https://openalex.org/W2786746258","https://openalex.org/W4225893763","https://openalex.org/W2788727425","https://openalex.org/W2405196115","https://openalex.org/W2104893957","https://openalex.org/W2971074373","https://openalex.org/W3159389381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,124],"main":[1],"contribution":[2],"of":[3,9,20,55,96],"this":[4,58],"letter":[5],"is":[6,32,77,126],"the":[7,33,36,52,89],"derivation":[8],"a":[10,17,23],"steepest":[11],"gradient":[12],"descent":[13],"learning":[14,86,142],"rule":[15,108,125],"for":[16,116],"multilayer":[18,106],"network":[19],"theta":[21],"neurons,":[22],"one-dimensional":[24],"nonlinear":[25,97],"neuron":[26,38],"model.":[27],"Central":[28],"to":[29,42,50,79,88,111,129,132,144],"our":[30,105],"model":[31],"assumption":[34,59],"that":[35,75,137],"intrinsic":[37],"dynamics":[39],"are":[40,109],"sufficient":[41],"achieve":[43],"consistent":[44],"time":[45,93],"coding,":[46],"with":[47,104],"no":[48],"need":[49],"involve":[51],"precise":[53],"shape":[54],"postsynaptic":[56],"currents;":[57],"departs":[60],"from":[61],"other":[62],"related":[63],"models":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66,121],"SpikeProp":[67,139],"and":[68,92,99],"Tempotron":[69,122,141],"learning.":[70,123],"Our":[71],"results":[72],"clearly":[73],"show":[74],"it":[76],"possible":[78],"perform":[80,133],"complex":[81,134],"computations":[82],"by":[83],"applying":[84],"supervised":[85],"techniques":[87],"spike":[90,117],"times":[91],"response":[94],"properties":[95],"integrate":[98],"fire":[100],"neurons.":[101],"Networks":[102],"trained":[103],"training":[107],"shown":[110],"have":[112],"similar":[113],"generalization":[114],"abilities":[115],"latency":[118],"pattern":[119],"classification":[120],"also":[127],"able":[128],"train":[130],"networks":[131],"regression":[135],"tasks":[136],"neither":[138],"or":[140],"appears":[143],"be":[145],"capable":[146],"of.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
