{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2143763555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.07-08-829","title":"Computation with Spikes in a Winner-Take-All Network","display_name":"Computation with Spikes in a Winner-Take-All Network","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2143763555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.07-08-829","mag":"2143763555","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19548795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco.2009.07-08-829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.07-08-829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-32038","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112224521","display_name":"Matthias Oster","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12708293","display_name":"SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics","ror":"https://ror.org/002n09z45","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Oster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, Uni-ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, Uni-ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003408325","display_name":"Rodney J. Douglas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5704-099X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12708293","display_name":"SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics","ror":"https://ror.org/002n09z45","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodney Douglas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, Uni-ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, Uni-ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053821067","display_name":"Shih\u2010Chii Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7557-045X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12708293","display_name":"SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics","ror":"https://ror.org/002n09z45","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Chii Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, Uni-ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, Uni-ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112224521"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293","https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0457,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9169252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"2437","last_page":"2465"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/winner-take-all","display_name":"Winner-take-all","score":0.7244714498519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.7025374174118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6767899394035339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.6653767824172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.6524635553359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/models-of-neural-computation","display_name":"Models of neural computation","score":0.5688654184341431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5108997225761414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43030399084091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4265613853931427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2744854688644409}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168976158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769931","display_name":"Winner-take-all","level":3,"score":0.7244714498519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.7025374174118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6767899394035339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.6653767824172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.6524635553359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3832189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8588916","display_name":"Models of neural computation","level":3,"score":0.5688654184341431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5108997225761414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43030399084091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4265613853931427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2744854688644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001676","descriptor_name":"Biofeedback, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001676","descriptor_name":"Biofeedback, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001676","descriptor_name":"Biofeedback, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009434","descriptor_name":"Neural Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009434","descriptor_name":"Neural Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009434","descriptor_name":"Neural Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco.2009.07-08-829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.07-08-829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19548795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19548795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.5167/uzh-32038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.167.4001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.167.4001","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ini.unizh.ch/%7Eshih/papers/OsterLiuNC2009.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.5167/uzh-32038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-32038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051291","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich, ZORA","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5167/uzh-32038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-32038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051291","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich, ZORA","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49140142","https://openalex.org/W1480428936","https://openalex.org/W1536929369","https://openalex.org/W1562806204","https://openalex.org/W1572063013","https://openalex.org/W1771004454","https://openalex.org/W1822159224","https://openalex.org/W1971963245","https://openalex.org/W1976877678","https://openalex.org/W1977390500","https://openalex.org/W1977544739","https://openalex.org/W1983442851","https://openalex.org/W1991233288","https://openalex.org/W1994530392","https://openalex.org/W2009875563","https://openalex.org/W2016574277","https://openalex.org/W2022449097","https://openalex.org/W2037030438","https://openalex.org/W2042076735","https://openalex.org/W2046272213","https://openalex.org/W2065208953","https://openalex.org/W2078835982","https://openalex.org/W2095647390","https://openalex.org/W2096621386","https://openalex.org/W2096671349","https://openalex.org/W2098725951","https://openalex.org/W2101474768","https://openalex.org/W2102662157","https://openalex.org/W2103149211","https://openalex.org/W2113846173","https://openalex.org/W2114588745","https://openalex.org/W2114977590","https://openalex.org/W2128272608","https://openalex.org/W2128644883","https://openalex.org/W2131994190","https://openalex.org/W2138046150","https://openalex.org/W2139016795","https://openalex.org/W2141700268","https://openalex.org/W2145998852","https://openalex.org/W2147030841","https://openalex.org/W2149194912","https://openalex.org/W2153055152","https://openalex.org/W2154642802","https://openalex.org/W2160444947","https://openalex.org/W2165293155","https://openalex.org/W2167148127","https://openalex.org/W2492794003","https://openalex.org/W2595697910","https://openalex.org/W2735257755","https://openalex.org/W3149461773","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2542565870","https://openalex.org/W3089892344","https://openalex.org/W3081559266","https://openalex.org/W3160415743","https://openalex.org/W4386227293","https://openalex.org/W4313442939","https://openalex.org/W4372267706","https://openalex.org/W2885510266","https://openalex.org/W2960220682","https://openalex.org/W4297619707"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"winner-take-all":[1],"(WTA)":[2],"computation":[3],"in":[4,28,73],"networks":[5,30,40,51],"of":[6,15,18,24,41,58,82,91,100,141,151,175,187],"recurrently":[7],"connected":[8],"neurons":[9,61],"is":[10],"an":[11],"important":[12],"decision":[13],"element":[14],"many":[16],"models":[17],"cortical":[19],"processing.":[20],"However,":[21],"analytical":[22],"studies":[23],"the":[25,49,56,83,89,98,128,139,149,164],"WTA":[26,94,119,167],"performance":[27,211],"recurrent":[29,120],"have":[31,38],"generally":[32],"addressed":[33,39],"rate-based":[34,166],"models.":[35,168],"Very":[36],"few":[37],"spiking":[42,84,176,194],"neurons,":[43],"which":[44],"are":[45,158,196],"relevant":[46],"for":[47,55,138,202],"understanding":[48],"biological":[50],"themselves":[52],"and":[53,148,153],"also":[54,170,207],"development":[57],"neuromorphic":[59],"electronic":[60],"that":[62,74,117,145,193],"commmunicate":[63],"by":[64,76],"action":[65],"potential":[66],"like":[67],"address-events.":[68],"Here,":[69],"we":[70],"make":[71],"steps":[72],"direction":[75],"using":[77],"a":[78,92,118],"simplified":[79],"Markov":[80],"model":[81],"network":[85,95,121],"to":[86,96,106,178],"examine":[87],"analytically":[88],"ability":[90],"spike-based":[93],"discriminate":[97],"statistics":[99,186],"inputs":[101,125,144,180],"ranging":[102],"from":[103,163],"stationary":[104],"regular":[105,123],"nonstationary":[107,179,213],"Poisson":[108],"events.":[109],"Our":[110],"work":[111],"extends":[112],"previous":[113],"theoretical":[114],"results":[115,161],"showing":[116],"receiving":[122],"spike":[124,142,183],"can":[126],"select":[127],"correct":[129],"winner":[130],"within":[131],"one":[132],"interspike":[133],"interval.":[134],"We":[135,169,191],"show":[136],"first":[137],"case":[140],"rate":[143],"input":[146],"discrimination":[147,157,173,210],"effects":[150],"self-excitation":[152],"inhibition":[154],"on":[155],"this":[156,172],"consistent":[159,197],"with":[160,181,198,212],"obtained":[162],"standard":[165],"extend":[171],"analysis":[174],"WTAs":[177,195],"time-varying":[182],"rates":[184],"resembling":[185],"real-world":[188],"sensory":[189],"stimuli.":[190],"conclude":[192],"their":[199],"continuous":[200],"counterparts":[201],"steady-state":[203],"inputs,":[204],"but":[205],"they":[206],"exhibit":[208],"high":[209],"inputs.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}