{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2109302401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2008.04-07-507","title":"Sensitivity Derivatives for Flexible Sensorimotor Learning","display_name":"Sensitivity Derivatives for Flexible Sensorimotor Learning","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2109302401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2008.04-07-507","mag":"2109302401","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18336076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco.2008.04-07-507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2008.04-07-507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111037551","display_name":"Mohamed Abdelghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7763-0323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. N. Abdelghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. mohamed.abdelghani@utoronto.ca#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. mohamed.abdelghani@utoronto.ca#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066294254","display_name":"Timothy Lillicrap","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8918-486X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. P. Lillicrap","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada","Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. tim@biomed.queensu.ca#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. tim@biomed.queensu.ca#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050906811","display_name":"Douglas Tweed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4295-1977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. B. Tweed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada","Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. douglas.tweed@ut ...#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. douglas.tweed@ut ...#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6103,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68401499,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"8","first_page":"2085","last_page":"2111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.6873806118965149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4165416955947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4037971496582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40352532267570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3824571967124939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12153181433677673}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.6873806118965149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4165416955947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4037971496582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40352532267570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3824571967124939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12153181433677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000222","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000222","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000222","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco.2008.04-07-507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2008.04-07-507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18336076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18336076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4193965","https://openalex.org/W1492221128","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1517236425","https://openalex.org/W1596318652","https://openalex.org/W1974950588","https://openalex.org/W1980440818","https://openalex.org/W1998872322","https://openalex.org/W2001905757","https://openalex.org/W2008008116","https://openalex.org/W2011466266","https://openalex.org/W2017721764","https://openalex.org/W2024875612","https://openalex.org/W2029064831","https://openalex.org/W2029869849","https://openalex.org/W2036244090","https://openalex.org/W2042492924","https://openalex.org/W2043968544","https://openalex.org/W2060054159","https://openalex.org/W2068280562","https://openalex.org/W2070040869","https://openalex.org/W2098032138","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2144174236","https://openalex.org/W2162160137","https://openalex.org/W2165941423","https://openalex.org/W2286699414","https://openalex.org/W2301250341","https://openalex.org/W2410652220","https://openalex.org/W2623785075","https://openalex.org/W2911283634","https://openalex.org/W3120055268","https://openalex.org/W4234491619","https://openalex.org/W4255825300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"learn":[1],"effectively,":[2],"an":[3],"adaptive":[4,69],"controller":[5],"needs":[6],"to":[7,112],"know":[8],"its":[9],"sensitivity":[10],"derivatives--the":[11],"variables":[12],"that":[13,60,87],"quantify":[14],"how":[15,36,77],"system":[16],"performance":[17],"depends":[18],"on":[19],"the":[20,23,26,68,91,102],"commands":[21],"from":[22],"controller.":[24],"In":[25],"case":[27],"of":[28,71,84,106],"biological":[29],"sensorimotor":[30,107],"control,":[31],"no":[32],"one":[33],"has":[34],"explained":[35],"those":[37],"derivatives":[38],"themselves":[39],"might":[40],"be":[41,64,80],"learned,":[42],"and":[43,104,109,118],"some":[44],"authors":[45],"suggest":[46],"they":[47],"are":[48,54,88],"not":[49],"learned":[50,81],"at":[51],"all":[52],"but":[53],"known":[55],"innately.":[56],"Here":[57],"we":[58,75,96],"show":[59,76],"this":[61],"knowledge":[62],"cannot":[63],"solely":[65],"innate,":[66],"given":[67],"flexibility":[70,103],"neural":[72],"systems.":[73],"And":[74],"it":[78],"could":[79],"using":[82],"forms":[83],"information":[85],"transport":[86],"available":[89],"in":[90],"brain.":[92],"The":[93],"mechanism,":[94],"which":[95],"call":[97],"implicit":[98],"supervision,":[99],"helps":[100],"explain":[101],"speed":[105],"learning":[108],"our":[110],"ability":[111],"cope":[113],"with":[114],"high-dimensional":[115],"work":[116],"spaces":[117],"tools.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}