{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293242460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01905","title":"The Average Reward Rate Modulates Behavioral and Neural Indices of Effortful Control Allocation","display_name":"The Average Reward Rate Modulates Behavioral and Neural Indices of Effortful Control Allocation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293242460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01905","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36007082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022754313","display_name":"Hause Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4590-7039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194028371","display_name":"University of Regina","ror":"https://ror.org/03dzc0485","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hause Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology","University of Regina"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Regina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011506965","display_name":"Jelena Ristic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6046-9682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jelena Ristic","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Montreal, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012701585","display_name":"Michael Inzlicht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9297-6497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799376586","display_name":"The Scarborough Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04pzgb662","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799376586"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Inzlicht","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto","University of Toronto Scarborough"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto Scarborough","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799376586","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034124363","display_name":"A. Ross Otto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9997-1901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Ross Otto","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Montreal, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022754313"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3903,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80000801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"11","first_page":"2113","last_page":"2126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.802006721496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6597861051559448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6166955232620239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.5755176544189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5729398131370544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-correlates-of-consciousness","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","score":0.5140756368637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5037631392478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.497365266084671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.3301699757575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.31270071864128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.11606842279434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11470964550971985}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.802006721496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6597861051559448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6166955232620239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.5755176544189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5729398131370544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129564537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.5140756368637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5037631392478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.497365266084671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3301699757575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.31270071864128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11606842279434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11470964550971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36007082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36007082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of cognitive neuroscience","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1169180551","https://openalex.org/W1658271639","https://openalex.org/W1966373272","https://openalex.org/W1972971003","https://openalex.org/W2011402106","https://openalex.org/W2016649766","https://openalex.org/W2058317558","https://openalex.org/W2077018932","https://openalex.org/W2090530235","https://openalex.org/W2095127067","https://openalex.org/W2099509424","https://openalex.org/W2110274942","https://openalex.org/W2113174266","https://openalex.org/W2113758413","https://openalex.org/W2128495200","https://openalex.org/W2129957650","https://openalex.org/W2130086055","https://openalex.org/W2132340226","https://openalex.org/W2135595031","https://openalex.org/W2141250485","https://openalex.org/W2156430527","https://openalex.org/W2156952192","https://openalex.org/W2164682760","https://openalex.org/W2164766456","https://openalex.org/W2164961539","https://openalex.org/W2166756161","https://openalex.org/W2170961478","https://openalex.org/W2523836484","https://openalex.org/W2562953409","https://openalex.org/W2575452488","https://openalex.org/W2587963966","https://openalex.org/W2600886565","https://openalex.org/W2736983092","https://openalex.org/W2754710981","https://openalex.org/W2755859560","https://openalex.org/W2774486220","https://openalex.org/W2775468491","https://openalex.org/W2787887681","https://openalex.org/W2885097773","https://openalex.org/W2909857495","https://openalex.org/W2914237854","https://openalex.org/W2942533109","https://openalex.org/W2952064980","https://openalex.org/W2953132780","https://openalex.org/W2953865239","https://openalex.org/W3049030381","https://openalex.org/W3083929223","https://openalex.org/W3129422154","https://openalex.org/W3133815723","https://openalex.org/W3189850384","https://openalex.org/W4200400876","https://openalex.org/W4212869175","https://openalex.org/W4225957005","https://openalex.org/W4229045927","https://openalex.org/W4249127163","https://openalex.org/W4293199235","https://openalex.org/W4294214781","https://openalex.org/W4299625508","https://openalex.org/W7056002633"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944277854","https://openalex.org/W2258359646","https://openalex.org/W2493324121","https://openalex.org/W4234402960","https://openalex.org/W4210958110","https://openalex.org/W4210994448","https://openalex.org/W4386824558","https://openalex.org/W4394927648","https://openalex.org/W2483613126","https://openalex.org/W2475830385"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"People":[0],"tend":[1],"to":[2,54,124],"avoid":[3],"exerting":[4],"cognitive":[5,49,59,188],"effort,":[6],"and":[7],"findings":[8],"from":[9],"recent":[10],"behavioral":[11],"studies":[12],"suggest":[13],"that":[14,165,181],"effort":[15,171,189],"allocation":[16],"is":[17,42],"in":[18,48,136],"part":[19],"determined":[20],"by":[21,115],"the":[22,29,37,66,77,87,96,110,131,166,179,185,194],"opportunity":[23,111,167,195],"cost":[24,112,196],"of":[25,40,57,69,113,168,187,197],"slothful":[26],"responding-operationalized":[27],"as":[28],"average":[30,38,98,132,137,155],"reward":[31,41,99,133,138,156],"rate":[32,39,100,139,157],"per":[33],"unit":[34],"time.":[35,198],"When":[36],"high,":[43],"individuals":[44],"make":[45],"more":[46],"errors":[47],"control":[50,72],"tasks,":[51],"presumably":[52],"owing":[53],"a":[55,90,119,126],"withdrawal":[56],"costly":[58],"processing.":[60],"An":[61],"open":[62],"question":[63],"remains":[64],"whether":[65],"presumed":[67],"modulations":[68],"cognitively":[70],"effortful":[71],"processes":[73],"are":[74],"observable":[75],"at":[76],"neural":[78,106,174],"level.":[79],"Here,":[80],"we":[81],"measured":[82],"EEG":[83],"while":[84,95],"participants":[85],"completed":[86],"Simon":[88],"task,":[89,94],"well-known":[91],"response":[92],"conflict":[93],"experienced":[97],"fluctuated":[101],"across":[102],"trials.":[103],"We":[104],"examined":[105],"activity":[107],"associated":[108,129,159],"with":[109,130,160],"time":[114,169],"applying":[116],"generalized":[117],"eigendecomposition,":[118],"hypothesis-driven":[120],"source":[121],"separation":[122],"technique,":[123],"identify":[125],"midfrontal":[127],"component":[128,143,149],"rate.":[134],"Fluctuations":[135],"modulated":[140],"not":[141],"only":[142],"amplitude":[144],"but":[145],"also,":[146],"most":[147],"importantly,":[148],"theta":[150,162],"power":[151],"(4-8":[152],"Hz).":[153],"Higher":[154],"was":[158],"reduced":[161],"power,":[163],"suggesting":[164],"modulates":[170],"allocation.":[172],"These":[173],"results":[175],"provide":[176],"evidence":[177],"for":[178],"idea":[180],"people":[182],"strategically":[183],"modulate":[184],"amount":[186],"they":[190],"exert":[191],"based":[192],"on":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
