{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158493376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01726","title":"Functional Delineation of Prefrontal Networks Underlying Working Memory in Schizophrenia: A Cross-data-set Examination","display_name":"Functional Delineation of Prefrontal Networks Underlying Working Memory in Schizophrenia: A Cross-data-set Examination","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158493376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01726","mag":"3158493376","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34375420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016356032","display_name":"Nicole Sanford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4915-2537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Sanford","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4915-2537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057787952","display_name":"Todd S. Woodward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-0079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123364","display_name":"BC Mental Health & Substance Use Services","ror":"https://ror.org/02zawmw51","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123364"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd S. Woodward","raw_affiliation_strings":["BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada","University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-0079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016356032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4282,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79553783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"9","first_page":"1880","last_page":"1908"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.583899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.583899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.1535000056028366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.12520000338554382,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.775795578956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory","display_name":"Working memory","score":0.7233020067214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dorsolateral-prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","score":0.6787265539169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","score":0.5938756465911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","score":0.5739859938621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroop-effect","display_name":"Stroop effect","score":0.5617736577987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5500676035881042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5395362377166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5104381442070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4970581829547882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.47231313586235046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.4290681481361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.3255821168422699}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.775795578956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.7233020067214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780508717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72788","display_name":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","level":4,"score":0.6787265539169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.5938756465911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.5739859938621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162967406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384176","display_name":"Stroop effect","level":3,"score":0.5617736577987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5500676035881042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5395362377166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5104381442070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4970581829547882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.47231313586235046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.4290681481361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3255821168422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008569","descriptor_name":"Memory Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008569","descriptor_name":"Memory Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008569","descriptor_name":"Memory Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017397","descriptor_name":"Prefrontal Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017397","descriptor_name":"Prefrontal Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017397","descriptor_name":"Prefrontal Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34375420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34375420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of cognitive neuroscience","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1334845941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2017-05854","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G488864774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOP-130456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","funder_display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313426","display_name":"BC Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04n901w50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323180","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172312307","https://openalex.org/W1463929295","https://openalex.org/W1746299476","https://openalex.org/W1964400738","https://openalex.org/W1965156436","https://openalex.org/W1967466600","https://openalex.org/W1970377681","https://openalex.org/W1975586101","https://openalex.org/W1978165201","https://openalex.org/W1983805722","https://openalex.org/W1990159138","https://openalex.org/W1993049273","https://openalex.org/W1997538961","https://openalex.org/W1998553176","https://openalex.org/W2014502213","https://openalex.org/W2021620877","https://openalex.org/W2024078112","https://openalex.org/W2026463894","https://openalex.org/W2030645204","https://openalex.org/W2036751307","https://openalex.org/W2041369703","https://openalex.org/W2047081388","https://openalex.org/W2060230262","https://openalex.org/W2067456724","https://openalex.org/W2074570091","https://openalex.org/W2082638532","https://openalex.org/W2086555691","https://openalex.org/W2090813996","https://openalex.org/W2092050358","https://openalex.org/W2096707172","https://openalex.org/W2103681641","https://openalex.org/W2106654511","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2113142053","https://openalex.org/W2120515742","https://openalex.org/W2133097426","https://openalex.org/W2135649193","https://openalex.org/W2135734842","https://openalex.org/W2137966626","https://openalex.org/W2139700465","https://openalex.org/W2141210898","https://openalex.org/W2147546041","https://openalex.org/W2147830349","https://openalex.org/W2150086375","https://openalex.org/W2154540835","https://openalex.org/W2156451368","https://openalex.org/W2158157835","https://openalex.org/W2163294712","https://openalex.org/W2166620359","https://openalex.org/W2168340793","https://openalex.org/W2207201935","https://openalex.org/W2263057920","https://openalex.org/W2282523187","https://openalex.org/W2479146009","https://openalex.org/W2557390385","https://openalex.org/W2599107997","https://openalex.org/W2621163506","https://openalex.org/W2733127256","https://openalex.org/W2734757979","https://openalex.org/W2766918533","https://openalex.org/W2778005188","https://openalex.org/W2781121071","https://openalex.org/W2801541300","https://openalex.org/W2952766316","https://openalex.org/W2970056870","https://openalex.org/W2999422039","https://openalex.org/W4229625885","https://openalex.org/W4295750005","https://openalex.org/W6721784014","https://openalex.org/W6749002512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026035034","https://openalex.org/W2155125375","https://openalex.org/W2892136551","https://openalex.org/W2610186267","https://openalex.org/W2329820015","https://openalex.org/W2514944117","https://openalex.org/W2162480729","https://openalex.org/W2947299212","https://openalex.org/W1996370979","https://openalex.org/W1490019283"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Working":[1],"memory":[2],"(WM)":[3],"impairment":[4],"in":[5,18,49,166,188,222,228],"schizophrenia":[6,50,61,223],"substantially":[7],"impacts":[8],"functional":[9],"outcome.":[10],"Although":[11],"the":[12,115,211,216,229],"dorsolateral":[13],"pFC":[14,29,137,238],"has":[15],"been":[16],"implicated":[17],"such":[19],"impairment,":[20],"a":[21,36,53,73,78,82,87],"more":[22],"comprehensive":[23],"examination":[24],"of":[25,55,69,103,186,202,237],"brain":[26],"networks":[27,43,93,135,205],"comprising":[28,44],"is":[30],"warranted.":[31],"The":[32,158,178],"present":[33],"research":[34],"used":[35],"whole-brain,":[37],"multi-experiment":[38,97],"analysis":[39,199],"to":[40,143,215],"delineate":[41],"task-related":[42,116],"pFC.":[45],"Activity":[46],"was":[47,191],"examined":[48,110],"patients":[51,62],"across":[52,174,206],"variety":[54],"cognitive":[56,208],"demands.":[57],"METHODS:":[58],"One":[59],"hundred":[60],"and":[63,86,106,123,132,140,154,164],"102":[64],"healthy":[65],"controls":[66],"completed":[67],"one":[68],"four":[70],"fMRI":[71],"tasks:":[72],"Sternberg":[74],"verbal":[75],"WM":[76,80,162,172,195,220],"task,":[77,81,85],"visuospatial":[79],"Stroop":[83],"set-switching":[84],"thought":[88],"generation":[89],"task":[90,104,121,156],"(TGT).":[91],"Task-related":[92],"were":[94,109,126,141],"identified":[95],"using":[96,111],"constrained":[98],"PCA":[99],"for":[100],"fMRI.":[101],"Effects":[102],"conditions":[105],"group":[107],"differences":[108],"mixed-model":[112],"ANOVA":[113],"on":[114],"time":[117],"series.":[118],"Correlations":[119],"between":[120],"performance":[122],"network":[124,182],"engagement":[125],"also":[127],"performed.":[128],"RESULTS:":[129],"Four":[130],"spatially":[131],"temporally":[133],"distinct":[134],"with":[136,171,194,213],"activation":[138],"emerged":[139],"postulated":[142],"subserve":[144],"(1)":[145],"internal":[146],"attention,":[147,150],"(2)":[148],"auditory-motor":[149],"(3)":[151],"motor":[152],"responses,":[153],"(4)":[155],"energizing.":[157],"\"energizing\"":[159,218],"network-engaged":[160],"during":[161],"encoding":[163],"diminished":[165],"patients-exhibited":[167],"consistent":[168],"trend":[169],"relationships":[170],"capacity":[173],"different":[175,207],"data":[176],"sets.":[177],"dorsolateral-prefrontal-cortex-dominated":[179],"\"internal":[180],"attention\"":[181],"exhibited":[183],"some":[184],"evidence":[185],"hypoactivity":[187],"patients,":[189],"but":[190],"not":[192],"correlated":[193],"performance.":[196],"CONCLUSIONS:":[197],"Multi-experiment":[198],"allowed":[200],"delineation":[201],"task-related,":[203],"pFC-anchored":[204],"constructs.":[209],"Given":[210],"results":[212],"respect":[214],"early-responding":[217],"network,":[219],"deficits":[221],"may":[224],"arise":[225],"from":[226],"disruption":[227],"\"energization\"":[230],"process":[231],"described":[232],"by":[233],"Donald":[234],"Stuss'":[235],"model":[236],"functions.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
