{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035127016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01591","title":"Inferring Causality from Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Cognitive Neuroscience","display_name":"Inferring Causality from Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Cognitive Neuroscience","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035127016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01591","mag":"3035127016","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32530381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01591","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article-pdf/33/2/195/1862517/jocn_a_01591.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article-pdf/33/2/195/1862517/jocn_a_01591.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065216525","display_name":"Til Ole Bergmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2282-6618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093049","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00q5t0010","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210093049"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Til Ole Bergmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021157610","display_name":"Gesa Hartwigsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8084-1330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130445","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0387jng26","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210130445"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gesa Hartwigsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130445"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065216525"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093049"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.8923,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":283,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99330727,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"2","first_page":"195","last_page":"225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.7410414814949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.6615680456161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.656396746635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-stimulation","display_name":"Brain stimulation","score":0.6160266995429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience","score":0.6032413244247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.591396689414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5389014482498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation","display_name":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation","score":0.5012588500976562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4843110144138336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.48037347197532654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.47202104330062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-neuroimaging","display_name":"Functional neuroimaging","score":0.46233081817626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-activity-and-meditation","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","score":0.4484331011772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.42753487825393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulation","display_name":"Stimulation","score":0.3726855516433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3448103070259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.30113500356674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.11244761943817139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11062681674957275}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7410414814949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.6615680456161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.656396746635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985799443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955838","display_name":"Brain stimulation","level":3,"score":0.6160266995429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17289045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138951","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience","level":3,"score":0.6032413244247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.591396689414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5389014482498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778581513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263962","display_name":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation","level":3,"score":0.5012588500976562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4843110144138336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48037347197532654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.47202104330062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52338299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1004354","display_name":"Functional neuroimaging","level":3,"score":0.46233081817626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.4484331011772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.42753487825393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.3726855516433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3448103070259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.30113500356674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11244761943817139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11062681674957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000066494","descriptor_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066494","descriptor_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066494","descriptor_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050781","descriptor_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050781","descriptor_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050781","descriptor_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065908","descriptor_name":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065908","descriptor_name":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065908","descriptor_name":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01591","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article-pdf/33/2/195/1862517/jocn_a_01591.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32530381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32530381","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of cognitive neuroscience","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:frl.publisso.de:frl:6422226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.publisso.de/resource/frl:6422226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196269","display_name":"PUBLISSO (German National Library of Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210112663","host_organization_name":"ZB MED - Information Centre for Life Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112663"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of cognitive neuroscience, Early Access","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenartikel"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3236590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0006-8294-F","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01591","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article-pdf/33/2/195/1862517/jocn_a_01591.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322434","display_name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhn8329"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325136","display_name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/03tx8dq56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334763","display_name":"Leibniz-Gemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/01n6r0e97"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035127016.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035127016.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":251,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W811236349","https://openalex.org/W947139351","https://openalex.org/W1483840110","https://openalex.org/W1516609261","https://openalex.org/W1518657244","https://openalex.org/W1583548689","https://openalex.org/W1589612965","https://openalex.org/W1711548506","https://openalex.org/W1724086789","https://openalex.org/W1811756470","https://openalex.org/W1823650640","https://openalex.org/W1865262242","https://openalex.org/W1874830988","https://openalex.org/W1902335101","https://openalex.org/W1966318414","https://openalex.org/W1967279856","https://openalex.org/W1970134848","https://openalex.org/W1973580354","https://openalex.org/W1974000157","https://openalex.org/W1975636862","https://openalex.org/W1976804176","https://openalex.org/W1978476682","https://openalex.org/W1982695759","https://openalex.org/W1983948453","https://openalex.org/W1988002536","https://openalex.org/W1988051173","https://openalex.org/W1988607194","https://openalex.org/W1989403611","https://openalex.org/W1989421394","https://openalex.org/W1993435683","https://openalex.org/W1994404324","https://openalex.org/W1994673993","https://openalex.org/W1995412600","https://openalex.org/W2001430965","https://openalex.org/W2003812482","https://openalex.org/W2004482271","https://openalex.org/W2006344685","https://openalex.org/W2006384269","https://openalex.org/W2007172966","https://openalex.org/W2007848973","https://openalex.org/W2008008846","https://openalex.org/W2008263877","https://openalex.org/W2014344734","https://openalex.org/W2014493574","https://openalex.org/W2021820981","https://openalex.org/W2022530628","https://openalex.org/W2024284755","https://openalex.org/W2024313158","https://openalex.org/W2025031698","https://openalex.org/W2025995993","https://openalex.org/W2026760477","https://openalex.org/W2031821572","https://openalex.org/W2033046997","https://openalex.org/W2037784693","https://openalex.org/W2038578712","https://openalex.org/W2039543087","https://openalex.org/W2039977145","https://openalex.org/W2041045226","https://openalex.org/W2044851963","https://openalex.org/W2044889549","https://openalex.org/W2044971011","https://openalex.org/W2045796994","https://openalex.org/W2045968318","https://openalex.org/W2050680644","https://openalex.org/W2052379834","https://openalex.org/W2055889718","https://openalex.org/W2057180929","https://openalex.org/W2061551969","https://openalex.org/W2062387778","https://openalex.org/W2063146171","https://openalex.org/W2063268974","https://openalex.org/W2063608151","https://openalex.org/W2063841517","https://openalex.org/W2066216974","https://openalex.org/W2066439376","https://openalex.org/W2066608675","https://openalex.org/W2067841959","https://openalex.org/W2067977477","https://openalex.org/W2072530078","https://openalex.org/W2072962457","https://openalex.org/W2075175894","https://openalex.org/W2075885458","https://openalex.org/W2081232530","https://openalex.org/W2082526227","https://openalex.org/W2083920471","https://openalex.org/W2085381145","https://openalex.org/W2085653807","https://openalex.org/W2085878350","https://openalex.org/W2086485092","https://openalex.org/W2088326070","https://openalex.org/W2088830733","https://openalex.org/W2089413793","https://openalex.org/W2089548382","https://openalex.org/W2090566575","https://openalex.org/W2091174247","https://openalex.org/W2091706328","https://openalex.org/W2091828766","https://openalex.org/W2091992705","https://openalex.org/W2092746363","https://openalex.org/W2094583499","https://openalex.org/W2096892196","https://openalex.org/W2097273459","https://openalex.org/W2098205603","https://openalex.org/W2099400899","https://openalex.org/W2101963369","https://openalex.org/W2102154360","https://openalex.org/W2102259310","https://openalex.org/W2103270219","https://openalex.org/W2104141548","https://openalex.org/W2104175967","https://openalex.org/W2104743992","https://openalex.org/W2105060326","https://openalex.org/W2105797798","https://openalex.org/W2109198067","https://openalex.org/W2111284135","https://openalex.org/W2112891119","https://openalex.org/W2114168755","https://openalex.org/W2114329358","https://openalex.org/W2114907436","https://openalex.org/W2114936102","https://openalex.org/W2117983207","https://openalex.org/W2119014857","https://openalex.org/W2123990011","https://openalex.org/W2125672054","https://openalex.org/W2127769003","https://openalex.org/W2128858699","https://openalex.org/W2129427953","https://openalex.org/W2129623611","https://openalex.org/W2129957650","https://openalex.org/W2131215403","https://openalex.org/W2131454829","https://openalex.org/W2132936926","https://openalex.org/W2133537202","https://openalex.org/W2134209520","https://openalex.org/W2134248637","https://openalex.org/W2136022171","https://openalex.org/W2136211880","https://openalex.org/W2136435696","https://openalex.org/W2136961426","https://openalex.org/W2138140054","https://openalex.org/W2139847983","https://openalex.org/W2140398789","https://openalex.org/W2142361959","https://openalex.org/W2142459770","https://openalex.org/W2142738004","https://openalex.org/W2142875089","https://openalex.org/W2145368883","https://openalex.org/W2145429839","https://openalex.org/W2146803302","https://openalex.org/W2146837242","https://openalex.org/W2148532693","https://openalex.org/W2148739270","https://openalex.org/W2149223842","https://openalex.org/W2149883075","https://openalex.org/W2151493642","https://openalex.org/W2153148680","https://openalex.org/W2154000159","https://openalex.org/W2154358581","https://openalex.org/W2156169663","https://openalex.org/W2158486147","https://openalex.org/W2158866673","https://openalex.org/W2158935941","https://openalex.org/W2160587690","https://openalex.org/W2162932719","https://openalex.org/W2163201100","https://openalex.org/W2164270489","https://openalex.org/W2164788787","https://openalex.org/W2167223424","https://openalex.org/W2167294066","https://openalex.org/W2168550034","https://openalex.org/W2168626784","https://openalex.org/W2169359747","https://openalex.org/W2170462740","https://openalex.org/W2171415819","https://openalex.org/W2175421898","https://openalex.org/W2180782222","https://openalex.org/W2200733457","https://openalex.org/W2268864503","https://openalex.org/W2272478797","https://openalex.org/W2290798512","https://openalex.org/W2305376646","https://openalex.org/W2329406888","https://openalex.org/W2345619594","https://openalex.org/W2346521269","https://openalex.org/W2405197629","https://openalex.org/W2416850349","https://openalex.org/W2494640064","https://openalex.org/W2520624326","https://openalex.org/W2522698666","https://openalex.org/W2536427815","https://openalex.org/W2562162172","https://openalex.org/W2566789251","https://openalex.org/W2581605628","https://openalex.org/W2601369343","https://openalex.org/W2618529311","https://openalex.org/W2725903383","https://openalex.org/W2742938355","https://openalex.org/W2751864764","https://openalex.org/W2754349288","https://openalex.org/W2755884152","https://openalex.org/W2769170255","https://openalex.org/W2775512813","https://openalex.org/W2781570155","https://openalex.org/W2782178243","https://openalex.org/W2790281930","https://openalex.org/W2792867727","https://openalex.org/W2793127951","https://openalex.org/W2796104067","https://openalex.org/W2799400942","https://openalex.org/W2800900151","https://openalex.org/W2802401585","https://openalex.org/W2803580002","https://openalex.org/W2808378989","https://openalex.org/W2809037332","https://openalex.org/W2887059714","https://openalex.org/W2888291143","https://openalex.org/W2891595093","https://openalex.org/W2895755964","https://openalex.org/W2896984162","https://openalex.org/W2899430109","https://openalex.org/W2903380895","https://openalex.org/W2904520883","https://openalex.org/W2908460620","https://openalex.org/W2909528526","https://openalex.org/W2914265100","https://openalex.org/W2922603768","https://openalex.org/W2927777239","https://openalex.org/W2937220823","https://openalex.org/W2940568998","https://openalex.org/W2944883873","https://openalex.org/W2949145510","https://openalex.org/W2950236772","https://openalex.org/W2950858886","https://openalex.org/W2951191882","https://openalex.org/W2951789370","https://openalex.org/W2952174943","https://openalex.org/W2953206902","https://openalex.org/W2953936090","https://openalex.org/W2962681511","https://openalex.org/W2965889070","https://openalex.org/W2971344044","https://openalex.org/W2979739826","https://openalex.org/W2980286315","https://openalex.org/W2983344308","https://openalex.org/W2984507064","https://openalex.org/W2988735788","https://openalex.org/W2991555451","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W2995455232","https://openalex.org/W2996538013","https://openalex.org/W3140837773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W150100780","https://openalex.org/W4313343538","https://openalex.org/W2193491533","https://openalex.org/W2124190901","https://openalex.org/W4220694065","https://openalex.org/W3026608688","https://openalex.org/W4377834851","https://openalex.org/W4242403526","https://openalex.org/W2155946189","https://openalex.org/W46003185"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Noninvasive":[0],"brain":[1,46,70,104],"stimulation":[2,9,71,94],"(NIBS)":[3],"techniques,":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6,19],"transcranial":[7,11],"magnetic":[8],"or":[10,109,167],"direct":[12],"and":[13,37,48,55,119,136,189,196,222,235],"alternating":[14],"current":[15],"stimulation,":[16,40],"are":[17,79,192,199,230,237],"advocated":[18],"measures":[20,36],"to":[21,43,97,163,169,174],"enable":[22],"causal":[23,75,151],"inference":[24],"in":[25,62,73,102,115,120,128,139,149,247],"cognitive":[26,132,215,248],"neuroscience":[27,216,249],"experiments.":[28],"Transcending":[29],"the":[30,83,93,103,116,125,131,143,171,182,187,205,208],"limitations":[31],"of":[32,89,124,134,142,153,186,210],"purely":[33],"correlative":[34],"neuroimaging":[35],"experimental":[38],"sensory":[39],"they":[41],"allow":[42],"experimentally":[44,165,238],"manipulate":[45],"activity":[47,112],"study":[49],"its":[50],"consequences":[51],"for":[52,212],"perception,":[53],"cognition,":[54],"eventually,":[56],"behavior.":[57],"Although":[58],"this":[59,150],"is":[60,66,179],"true":[61],"principle,":[63],"particular":[64],"caution":[65],"advised":[67],"when":[68],"interpreting":[69],"experiments":[72],"a":[74,140,213],"manner.":[76],"Research":[77],"hypotheses":[78],"often":[80,200],"oversimplified,":[81],"disregarding":[82],"underlying":[84],"(implicitly":[85],"assumed)":[86],"complex":[87],"chain":[88,152,209],"causation,":[90],"namely,":[91],"that":[92,161,184],"technique":[95],"has":[96],"generate":[98],"an":[99],"electric":[100],"field":[101],"tissue,":[105],"which":[106,127],"then":[107],"evokes":[108],"modulates":[110],"neuronal":[111],"both":[113],"locally":[114],"target":[117],"region":[118],"connected":[121],"remote":[122],"sites":[123],"network,":[126],"consequence":[129],"affects":[130],"function":[133],"interest":[135],"eventually":[137],"results":[138,173],"change":[141],"behavioral":[144],"measure.":[145],"Importantly,":[146],"every":[147],"link":[148],"effects":[154],"can":[155,242],"be":[156,164],"confounded":[157],"by":[158,181],"several":[159],"factors":[160],"have":[162],"eliminated":[166],"controlled":[168],"attribute":[170],"observed":[172],"their":[175],"assumed":[176],"cause.":[177],"This":[178],"complicated":[180],"fact":[183],"many":[185],"mediating":[188],"confounding":[190],"variables":[191],"not":[193],"directly":[194],"observable":[195],"dose-response":[197],"relationships":[198,246],"nonlinear.":[201],"We":[202],"will":[203],"walk":[204],"reader":[206],"through":[207],"causation":[211],"generic":[214],"NIBS":[217,241],"study,":[218],"discuss":[219],"possible":[220],"confounds,":[221],"advise":[223],"appropriate":[224],"control":[225],"conditions.":[226],"If":[227],"crucial":[228],"assumptions":[229],"explicitly":[231],"tested":[232],"(where":[233],"possible)":[234],"confounds":[236],"well":[239],"controlled,":[240],"indeed":[243],"reveal":[244],"cause-effect":[245],"studies.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}