{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139759885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00348","title":"Building Blocks of Visual Working Memory: Objects or Boolean Maps?","display_name":"Building Blocks of Visual Working Memory: Objects or Boolean Maps?","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139759885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00348","mag":"2139759885","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23249354"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005346159","display_name":"Mowei Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7661-2968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mowei Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, P R China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, P R China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031101634","display_name":"Wenjun Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2095-4923"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjun Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063330508","display_name":"Xiaotian Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9138-3910"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaotian Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041441522","display_name":"Zaifeng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9727-8524"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaifeng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7093,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69646457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"5","first_page":"743","last_page":"753"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.8058924674987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5647753477096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5471174120903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory","display_name":"Working memory","score":0.4982316493988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37312448024749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.311460018157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.18075597286224365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.8058924674987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5647753477096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5471174120903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.4982316493988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37312448024749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.311460018157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.18075597286224365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005074","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005074","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005074","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23249354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23249354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of cognitive neuroscience","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1747565446","https://openalex.org/W1963902691","https://openalex.org/W1966212319","https://openalex.org/W1966440284","https://openalex.org/W1968058637","https://openalex.org/W1968119089","https://openalex.org/W1968752993","https://openalex.org/W1970035031","https://openalex.org/W1971300091","https://openalex.org/W1973560436","https://openalex.org/W1976232810","https://openalex.org/W1993958047","https://openalex.org/W1999110283","https://openalex.org/W2000217686","https://openalex.org/W2002087100","https://openalex.org/W2003173272","https://openalex.org/W2013142139","https://openalex.org/W2014347572","https://openalex.org/W2018216497","https://openalex.org/W2018897769","https://openalex.org/W2019502352","https://openalex.org/W2019768660","https://openalex.org/W2020486918","https://openalex.org/W2021500054","https://openalex.org/W2033162012","https://openalex.org/W2036421986","https://openalex.org/W2037593083","https://openalex.org/W2044179884","https://openalex.org/W2054314530","https://openalex.org/W2061874720","https://openalex.org/W2065808876","https://openalex.org/W2068805221","https://openalex.org/W2069462840","https://openalex.org/W2072182865","https://openalex.org/W2072339978","https://openalex.org/W2074170552","https://openalex.org/W2074263749","https://openalex.org/W2075516366","https://openalex.org/W2079590549","https://openalex.org/W2082620380","https://openalex.org/W2087706833","https://openalex.org/W2096707172","https://openalex.org/W2098353881","https://openalex.org/W2102565362","https://openalex.org/W2104078526","https://openalex.org/W2110908862","https://openalex.org/W2113121036","https://openalex.org/W2116235099","https://openalex.org/W2119101994","https://openalex.org/W2124333429","https://openalex.org/W2124360986","https://openalex.org/W2125939418","https://openalex.org/W2128004254","https://openalex.org/W2129759808","https://openalex.org/W2129858836","https://openalex.org/W2132822599","https://openalex.org/W2133808442","https://openalex.org/W2138986662","https://openalex.org/W2139564896","https://openalex.org/W2142291402","https://openalex.org/W2144745730","https://openalex.org/W2144985069","https://openalex.org/W2152541739","https://openalex.org/W2155034053","https://openalex.org/W2156330750","https://openalex.org/W2166667242","https://openalex.org/W2167957356","https://openalex.org/W2170457011","https://openalex.org/W4210364611","https://openalex.org/W4232219176","https://openalex.org/W4233488446","https://openalex.org/W4236780995","https://openalex.org/W4376595420","https://openalex.org/W6642136458","https://openalex.org/W6650935499","https://openalex.org/W6655669251","https://openalex.org/W6658684393","https://openalex.org/W6661595991","https://openalex.org/W6663937997","https://openalex.org/W6678586195","https://openalex.org/W6678942237","https://openalex.org/W6679236098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1980342602","https://openalex.org/W2149537132","https://openalex.org/W641279757","https://openalex.org/W370975646","https://openalex.org/W1670566515","https://openalex.org/W4242022592","https://openalex.org/W596972243","https://openalex.org/W2018871932","https://openalex.org/W2975200075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,37,165],"nature":[1],"of":[2,6,76,88,163,179,209,218],"the":[3,28,73,160,180,207,210,219,236,242,254],"building":[4,29,74],"blocks":[5,75],"information":[7,132],"in":[8,186,258],"visual":[9,65],"working":[10],"memory":[11],"(VWM)":[12],"is":[13],"a":[14,58,105],"fundamental":[15],"issue":[16,101],"that":[17,68,217,249],"has":[18,34,94],"not":[19],"been":[20],"well":[21],"resolved.":[22],"Most":[23],"researchers":[24],"take":[25],"objects":[26,38,49,121,125,129,177,183],"as":[27,147,204],"blocks,":[30],"although":[31],"this":[32,81,100],"perspective":[33,82],"received":[35],"criticism.":[36],"could":[39,83,144,168],"be":[40,72,145,253],"physically":[41],"separated":[42,52],"ones":[43],"(strict":[44],"object":[45,55,244],"hypothesis)":[46],"or":[47,127,175],"hierarchical":[48,149],"created":[50,185],"from":[51],"individuals":[53],"(broad":[54],"hypothesis).":[56],"Meanwhile,":[57],"newly":[59],"proposed":[60],"Boolean":[61,69,171,250],"map":[62,79],"theory":[63],"for":[64,256],"attention":[66],"suggests":[67],"maps":[70,251],"may":[71],"VWM":[77],"(Boolean":[78],"hypothesis);":[80],"explain":[84],"many":[85],"critical":[86,106],"findings":[87,240],"VWM.":[89,164,259],"However,":[90],"no":[91,222],"previous":[92],"study":[93],"examined":[95],"these":[96],"hypotheses.":[97],"We":[98,114,246],"explored":[99],"by":[102],"focusing":[103],"on":[104,108],"point":[107],"which":[109],"they":[110],"make":[111],"distinct":[112,120,124],"predictions.":[113],"asked":[115],"participants":[116],"to":[117,157],"remember":[118],"two":[119,139,170,190],"(2-object),":[122],"three":[123,128,173,176],"(3-object),":[126],"with":[130],"repeated":[131],"(mixed-3-object,":[133],"e.g.,":[134],"one":[135,148],"red":[136],"bar":[137],"and":[138,151,196,200],"green":[140,142],"bars,":[141],"bars":[143],"represented":[146],"object)":[150],"adopted":[152],"contralateral":[153],"delay":[154],"activity":[155],"(CDA)":[156],"tap":[158],"into":[159],"maintenance":[161],"phase":[162],"mixed-3-object":[166,211],"condition":[167,212],"generate":[169],"maps,":[172],"objects,":[174],"most":[178],"time":[181],"(hierarchical":[182],"are":[184],"certain":[187],"trials,":[188],"retaining":[189],"objects).":[191],"Simple":[192],"orientations":[193],"(Experiment":[194],"1)":[195],"colors":[197],"(Experiments":[198],"2":[199],"3)":[201],"were":[202],"used":[203],"stimuli.":[205],"Although":[206],"CDA":[208],"was":[213,225],"slightly":[214],"lower":[215],"than":[216,235],"3-object":[220],"condition,":[221],"significant":[223],"difference":[224],"revealed":[226],"between":[227],"them.":[228],"Both":[229],"conditions":[230],"displayed":[231],"significantly":[232],"higher":[233],"CDAs":[234],"2-object":[237],"condition.":[238],"These":[239],"support":[241],"broad":[243],"hypothesis.":[245],"further":[247],"suggest":[248],"might":[252],"unit":[255],"retrieval/comparison":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
