{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110416412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00155","title":"Expectancy, Ambiguity, and Behavioral Flexibility: Separable and Complementary Roles of the Orbital Frontal Cortex and Amygdala in Processing Reward Expectancies","display_name":"Expectancy, Ambiguity, and Behavioral Flexibility: Separable and Complementary Roles of the Orbital Frontal Cortex and Amygdala in Processing Reward Expectancies","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110416412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00155","mag":"2110416412","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22004047"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049163840","display_name":"Wolfgang M. Pauli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang M. Pauli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. wolfgang.pauli@colorado.edu","Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. wolfgang.pauli@colorado.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078720668","display_name":"Thomas E. Hazy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas E. Hazy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055871402","display_name":"Randall C. O\u2019Reilly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0322-4600"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randall C. O'Reilly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049163840"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1281,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77080092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"351","last_page":"366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amygdala","display_name":"Amygdala","score":0.81502366065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.8136272430419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.749629020690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectancy-theory","display_name":"Expectancy theory","score":0.6711633205413818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5047513246536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.48586007952690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basolateral-amygdala","display_name":"Basolateral amygdala","score":0.4825405478477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.12115082144737244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779144063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338924","display_name":"Amygdala","level":2,"score":0.81502366065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8136272430419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.749629020690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188353592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450586","display_name":"Expectancy theory","level":2,"score":0.6711633205413818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5047513246536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.48586007952690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4867818","display_name":"Basolateral amygdala","level":3,"score":0.4825405478477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.12115082144737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000679","descriptor_name":"Amygdala","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000679","descriptor_name":"Amygdala","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000679","descriptor_name":"Amygdala","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003213","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Psychological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003213","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Psychological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003213","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Psychological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005625","descriptor_name":"Frontal Lobe","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005625","descriptor_name":"Frontal Lobe","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005625","descriptor_name":"Frontal Lobe","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009434","descriptor_name":"Neural Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009434","descriptor_name":"Neural Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009434","descriptor_name":"Neural Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22004047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22004047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of cognitive neuroscience","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":124,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14523408","https://openalex.org/W48054578","https://openalex.org/W125252782","https://openalex.org/W158545688","https://openalex.org/W160989634","https://openalex.org/W1482139424","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1519532914","https://openalex.org/W1523614275","https://openalex.org/W1577223111","https://openalex.org/W1581387623","https://openalex.org/W1596839545","https://openalex.org/W1604195904","https://openalex.org/W1607052939","https://openalex.org/W1642699591","https://openalex.org/W1736292364","https://openalex.org/W1770810603","https://openalex.org/W1774047354","https://openalex.org/W1903066154","https://openalex.org/W1943789780","https://openalex.org/W1964961332","https://openalex.org/W1966215826","https://openalex.org/W1967784117","https://openalex.org/W1969271919","https://openalex.org/W1971999279","https://openalex.org/W1973371295","https://openalex.org/W1976284302","https://openalex.org/W1980727604","https://openalex.org/W1982150127","https://openalex.org/W1987412332","https://openalex.org/W1989615119","https://openalex.org/W1989757714","https://openalex.org/W1990068200","https://openalex.org/W1990956863","https://openalex.org/W1991658317","https://openalex.org/W1994955948","https://openalex.org/W1994984635","https://openalex.org/W2000226539","https://openalex.org/W2001419142","https://openalex.org/W2003491040","https://openalex.org/W2005269174","https://openalex.org/W2006470756","https://openalex.org/W2016194246","https://openalex.org/W2016339899","https://openalex.org/W2017934537","https://openalex.org/W2020925019","https://openalex.org/W2024365408","https://openalex.org/W2027288486","https://openalex.org/W2027368063","https://openalex.org/W2029232177","https://openalex.org/W2031132552","https://openalex.org/W2042593835","https://openalex.org/W2046774605","https://openalex.org/W2047539544","https://openalex.org/W2048156448","https://openalex.org/W2051895234","https://openalex.org/W2053278028","https://openalex.org/W2054749214","https://openalex.org/W2055473086","https://openalex.org/W2063535919","https://openalex.org/W2063575722","https://openalex.org/W2063764296","https://openalex.org/W2067287774","https://openalex.org/W2073338028","https://openalex.org/W2073618643","https://openalex.org/W2075030274","https://openalex.org/W2076635082","https://openalex.org/W2076923117","https://openalex.org/W2083022530","https://openalex.org/W2085755382","https://openalex.org/W2089872340","https://openalex.org/W2092935454","https://openalex.org/W2097649904","https://openalex.org/W2099652807","https://openalex.org/W2100015356","https://openalex.org/W2100677568","https://openalex.org/W2102548837","https://openalex.org/W2105791633","https://openalex.org/W2109059823","https://openalex.org/W2110278466","https://openalex.org/W2111534506","https://openalex.org/W2112337921","https://openalex.org/W2113535755","https://openalex.org/W2114408977","https://openalex.org/W2115964617","https://openalex.org/W2116372303","https://openalex.org/W2116704462","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2127118940","https://openalex.org/W2129028793","https://openalex.org/W2134128653","https://openalex.org/W2144079442","https://openalex.org/W2145153324","https://openalex.org/W2145594774","https://openalex.org/W2148301354","https://openalex.org/W2149661045","https://openalex.org/W2150526138","https://openalex.org/W2153456724","https://openalex.org/W2153758134","https://openalex.org/W2156001698","https://openalex.org/W2156777444","https://openalex.org/W2156952192","https://openalex.org/W2160017783","https://openalex.org/W2161438629","https://openalex.org/W2161983882","https://openalex.org/W2162121368","https://openalex.org/W2163647009","https://openalex.org/W2169075810","https://openalex.org/W2170476476","https://openalex.org/W2170802834","https://openalex.org/W2290883297","https://openalex.org/W2316801295","https://openalex.org/W2432567885","https://openalex.org/W3022575302","https://openalex.org/W3041202696","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4255229883","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6601956922","https://openalex.org/W6605029787","https://openalex.org/W6637851615","https://openalex.org/W6648213856","https://openalex.org/W6671603983","https://openalex.org/W6675521019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090100345","https://openalex.org/W2757306222","https://openalex.org/W2753405954","https://openalex.org/W2109454329","https://openalex.org/W1991067890","https://openalex.org/W4388451952","https://openalex.org/W2104760284","https://openalex.org/W3186244673","https://openalex.org/W2408363692","https://openalex.org/W2728263435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Appetitive":[0],"goal-directed":[1],"behavior":[2],"can":[3],"be":[4],"associated":[5],"with":[6,70,90,197],"a":[7,15,18,32,56,67,125,141],"cue-triggered":[8],"expectancy":[9,58],"that":[10,93,106,131,188],"it":[11],"will":[12],"lead":[13],"to":[14,21,41],"particular":[16],"reward,":[17],"process":[19],"thought":[20],"depend":[22],"on":[23],"the":[24,43,52,75,91,94,107,118,155,162,177,181],"OFC":[25,108,135,182,203],"and":[26,45,82,105,144,168],"basolateral":[27],"amygdala":[28,95],"complex.":[29],"We":[30],"developed":[31],"biologically":[33],"informed":[34],"neural":[35,68],"network":[36,69],"model":[37,123],"of":[38,48,55,62,66,78,102,117,165,179,202],"this":[39,146],"system":[40],"investigate":[42],"separable":[44],"complementary":[46],"roles":[47],"these":[49],"areas":[50,61],"as":[51],"main":[53],"components":[54],"flexible":[57],"system.":[59],"These":[60],"interest":[63],"are":[64,88,189],"part":[65],"additional":[71],"subcortical":[72],"areas,":[73],"including":[74],"central":[76],"nucleus":[77],"amygdala,":[79],"ventral":[80],"(limbic)":[81],"dorsomedial":[83],"(associative)":[84],"striatum.":[85],"Our":[86,122],"simulations":[87],"consistent":[89],"view":[92],"maintains":[96],"Pavlovian":[97,170],"associations":[98],"through":[99],"incremental":[100],"updating":[101],"synaptic":[103],"strength":[104],"supports":[109],"flexibility":[110],"by":[111],"maintaining":[112],"an":[113,198],"activation-based":[114],"working":[115,173],"memory":[116],"recent":[119,166],"reward":[120],"history.":[121],"provides":[124],"mechanistic":[126],"explanation":[127],"for":[128,151,185],"electrophysiological":[129],"evidence":[130],"cue-related":[132],"firing":[133,148],"in":[134,154,172],"neurons":[136],"is":[137,149,183,195],"nonselectively":[138],"early":[139],"after":[140],"contingency":[142],"change":[143],"why":[145],"nonselective":[147],"critical":[150,184],"promoting":[152],"plasticity":[153],"amygdala.":[156],"This":[157,193],"ambiguous":[158],"activation":[159],"results":[160],"from":[161],"simultaneous":[163],"maintenance":[164],"outcomes":[167],"obsolete":[169],"contingencies":[171],"memory.":[174],"Furthermore,":[175],"at":[176],"beginning":[178],"reversal,":[180],"supporting":[186],"responses":[187],"no":[190],"longer":[191],"inappropriate.":[192],"result":[194],"inconsistent":[196],"exclusive":[199],"inhibitory":[200],"account":[201],"function.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}