{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2130086055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00090","title":"Vigor in the Face of Fluctuating Rates of Reward: An Experimental Examination","display_name":"Vigor in the Face of Fluctuating Rates of Reward: An Experimental Examination","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2130086055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00090","mag":"2130086055","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21736459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00090","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article-pdf/23/12/3933/1942751/jocn_a_00090.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article-pdf/23/12/3933/1942751/jocn_a_00090.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026460545","display_name":"Marc Guitart\u2010Masip","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2294-6492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Guitart-Masip","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom. m.guitart@ucl.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom. m.guitart@ucl.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034691862","display_name":"Ulrik Beierholm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7296-7996"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrik R. Beierholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["These authors contributed equally to this study"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"These authors contributed equally to this study","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026197656","display_name":"Raymond J. Dolan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9356-761X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond Dolan","raw_affiliation_strings":["These authors contributed equally to this study"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"These authors contributed equally to this study","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000608836","display_name":"Emrah D\u00fczel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0139-5388"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emrah Duzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["These authors contributed equally to this study"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"These authors contributed equally to this study","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075063030","display_name":"Peter Dayan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3476-1839"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Dayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["These authors contributed equally to this study"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"These authors contributed equally to this study","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4199,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8066538,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"3933","last_page":"3938"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.8197341561317444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.6237856149673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5350350737571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5074793696403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.45327839255332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4489145874977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.41874170303344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.408657431602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.3240785002708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2635490596294403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13122498989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09048342704772949}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8197341561317444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.6237856149673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5350350737571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5074793696403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.45327839255332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4489145874977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.41874170303344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.408657431602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3240785002708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2635490596294403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13122498989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09048342704772949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00090","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article-pdf/23/12/3933/1942751/jocn_a_00090.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21736459","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21736459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of cognitive neuroscience","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.299.2226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.299.2226","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.gatsby.ucl.ac.uk/~dayan/papers/g2011.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:1390467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1390467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1316894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1316894/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI , 23  (12)   3933 - 3938.   (2011)      ","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escidoc.org:escidoc:2614699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0001-A17A-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052962","display_name":"Max Planck Digital Library","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/7c463c13-0a42-464c-8ef7-24646df542a8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/7c463c13-0a42-464c-8ef7-24646df542a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Guitart-Masip, M, Beierholm, U R, Dolan, R, Duzel, E & Dayan, P 2011, 'Vigor in the face of fluctuating rates of reward:an experimental examination', Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 3933-8. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00090","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3020648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0002-C7DB-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00090","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article-pdf/23/12/3933/1942751/jocn_a_00090.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2130086055.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2130086055.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488451997","https://openalex.org/W1515543691","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1652173018","https://openalex.org/W1786747796","https://openalex.org/W1964961332","https://openalex.org/W1965692465","https://openalex.org/W1966683952","https://openalex.org/W1979215131","https://openalex.org/W1993631201","https://openalex.org/W1994984635","https://openalex.org/W2002453029","https://openalex.org/W2005898154","https://openalex.org/W2007414406","https://openalex.org/W2009480086","https://openalex.org/W2025866298","https://openalex.org/W2035219495","https://openalex.org/W2040418090","https://openalex.org/W2045968318","https://openalex.org/W2047054629","https://openalex.org/W2055776558","https://openalex.org/W2056575770","https://openalex.org/W2058578514","https://openalex.org/W2069166530","https://openalex.org/W2072190564","https://openalex.org/W2111873046","https://openalex.org/W2114207481","https://openalex.org/W2117403214","https://openalex.org/W2117726420","https://openalex.org/W2119128116","https://openalex.org/W2119170562","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2126680030","https://openalex.org/W2128020985","https://openalex.org/W2129478155","https://openalex.org/W2145982623","https://openalex.org/W2153960487","https://openalex.org/W2156423826","https://openalex.org/W2156952192","https://openalex.org/W2157088567","https://openalex.org/W2157747136","https://openalex.org/W2159010963","https://openalex.org/W2168813032","https://openalex.org/W3167752473","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4250839589","https://openalex.org/W6795793925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2089013912","https://openalex.org/W2076061571","https://openalex.org/W2037004935","https://openalex.org/W2081472162"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"fundamental":[1],"questions":[2],"underlie":[3],"the":[4,21,34,58,94,111,121,140,164,171,182,185,209,214,222,232,240,249,259,268,273],"expression":[5],"of":[6,23,27,36,44,60,72,96,114,124,128,142,151,163,166,184,188,219,224,248,261,267,280,287],"behavior,":[7],"namely":[8],"what":[9],"to":[10,15,136],"do":[11,16],"and":[12,29,39,55,93,131,226,238],"how":[13],"vigorously":[14],"it.":[17],"The":[18],"former":[19],"is":[20,57,117],"topic":[22],"an":[24,194,276],"overwhelming":[25],"wealth":[26],"theoretical":[28],"empirical":[30,62],"work":[31],"particularly":[32],"in":[33,64,193,235,239,251],"fields":[35],"reinforcement":[37,145],"learning":[38,146],"decision-making,":[40],"with":[41,272],"various":[42],"forms":[43],"affective":[45],"prediction":[46],"error":[47],"playing":[48],"key":[49,269],"roles.":[50],"Although":[51],"vigor":[52,106,132],"concerns":[53],"motivation,":[54],"so":[56],"subject":[59],"many":[61],"studies":[63],"diverse":[65],"fields,":[66],"it":[67],"has":[68],"suffered":[69],"a":[70,148,157,236,245],"dearth":[71],"computational":[73],"models.":[74],"Recently,":[75],"Niv":[76],"et":[77],"al.":[78],"[Niv,":[79],"Y.,":[80],"Daw,":[81],"N.":[82],"D.,":[83,85],"Joel,":[84],"&":[86],"Dayan,":[87],"P.":[88],"Tonic":[89],"dopamine:":[90],"Opportunity":[91],"costs":[92],"control":[95],"response":[97],"vigor.":[98],"Psychopharmacology":[99],"(Berlin),":[100],"191,":[101],"507-520,":[102],"2007]":[103],"suggested":[104],"that":[105,173,244,282],"should":[107],"be":[108,134,137,156,256],"controlled":[109],"by":[110,120,258],"opportunity":[112],"cost":[113],"time,":[115],"which":[116],"itself":[118],"determined":[119],"average":[122,143,186,217],"rate":[123,130,187,218,260],"reward.":[125,189,263],"This":[126,264],"coupling":[127,281],"reward":[129,220,234],"can":[133],"shown":[135],"optimal":[138],"under":[139],"theory":[141],"return":[144],"for":[147,198],"particular":[149],"class":[150],"tasks":[152],"but":[153,204],"may":[154,283],"also":[155],"more":[158],"general,":[159],"perhaps":[160],"hard-wired,":[161],"characteristic":[162],"architecture":[165],"control.":[167],"We,":[168],"therefore,":[169],"tested":[170],"hypothesis":[172],"healthy":[174],"human":[175],"participants":[176],"would":[177],"adjust":[178],"their":[179],"RTs":[180,192,212,253],"on":[181,208],"basis":[183],"We":[190],"measured":[191],"odd-ball":[195],"discrimination":[196],"task":[197],"rewards":[199],"whose":[200],"magnitudes":[201],"varied":[202],"slowly":[203],"systematically.":[205],"Linear":[206],"regression":[207],"subjects'":[210,252],"individual":[211],"using":[213],"time":[215],"varying":[216],"as":[221,231],"regressor":[223],"interest,":[225],"including":[227],"nuisance":[228],"regressors":[229],"such":[230],"immediate":[233],"round":[237],"preceding":[241],"round,":[242],"showed":[243],"significant":[246],"fraction":[247],"variance":[250],"could":[254],"indeed":[255],"explained":[257],"experienced":[262],"validates":[265],"one":[266],"proposals":[270],"associated":[271],"model,":[274],"illuminating":[275],"apparently":[277],"mandatory":[278],"form":[279],"involve":[284],"tonic":[285],"levels":[286],"dopamine.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
