{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1975190805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00038","title":"Multiple Processes Underlying Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance: A Developmental Electrophysiological Investigation","display_name":"Multiple Processes Underlying Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance: A Developmental Electrophysiological Investigation","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1975190805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00038","mag":"1975190805","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21568637"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001628513","display_name":"Matthew Waxer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Waxer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada","University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046361437","display_name":"J. Bruce Morton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1112-0676"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Bruce Morton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001628513"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5112,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8043496,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"11","first_page":"3267","last_page":"3279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.8097425699234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/card-sorting","display_name":"Card sorting","score":0.7001493573188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","score":0.6417368650436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.607495129108429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5226173996925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.4045857787132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.4043882489204407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8097425699234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5563205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686043","display_name":"Card sorting","level":3,"score":0.7001493573188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6417368650436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.607495129108429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5226173996925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.4045857787132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4043882489204407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005071","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005071","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005071","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006803","descriptor_name":"Human Development","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006803","descriptor_name":"Human Development","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006803","descriptor_name":"Human Development","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009483","descriptor_name":"Neuropsychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009483","descriptor_name":"Neuropsychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009483","descriptor_name":"Neuropsychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013223","descriptor_name":"Statistics as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013223","descriptor_name":"Statistics as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013223","descriptor_name":"Statistics as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056344","descriptor_name":"Executive Function","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056344","descriptor_name":"Executive Function","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056344","descriptor_name":"Executive Function","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123144817","display_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","issn_l":"0898-929X","issn":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21568637","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21568637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of cognitive neuroscience","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536620489","https://openalex.org/W1975961996","https://openalex.org/W1988579368","https://openalex.org/W1992006894","https://openalex.org/W1995233526","https://openalex.org/W1995313895","https://openalex.org/W1996449039","https://openalex.org/W1999383378","https://openalex.org/W2000998192","https://openalex.org/W2004015814","https://openalex.org/W2004625395","https://openalex.org/W2006388199","https://openalex.org/W2010668997","https://openalex.org/W2011695541","https://openalex.org/W2013657375","https://openalex.org/W2014678111","https://openalex.org/W2020029614","https://openalex.org/W2022090661","https://openalex.org/W2023255469","https://openalex.org/W2026482820","https://openalex.org/W2048156448","https://openalex.org/W2057907814","https://openalex.org/W2062673120","https://openalex.org/W2065988442","https://openalex.org/W2086452472","https://openalex.org/W2096531722","https://openalex.org/W2109361514","https://openalex.org/W2109938240","https://openalex.org/W2114411261","https://openalex.org/W2114512489","https://openalex.org/W2124517301","https://openalex.org/W2130062328","https://openalex.org/W2136256861","https://openalex.org/W2138988898","https://openalex.org/W2152699211","https://openalex.org/W2156926719","https://openalex.org/W2159864265","https://openalex.org/W2161780394","https://openalex.org/W2169759638","https://openalex.org/W2730534923","https://openalex.org/W4232199504","https://openalex.org/W4293199235","https://openalex.org/W6649303275"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285058773","https://openalex.org/W4225108917","https://openalex.org/W1680425820","https://openalex.org/W3217586512","https://openalex.org/W4285246599","https://openalex.org/W2981104600","https://openalex.org/W2550093786","https://openalex.org/W1997418693","https://openalex.org/W1416271685","https://openalex.org/W2493183462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0,30],"flexibility":[1],"follows":[2],"a":[3,66,87,110,171,199,234],"protracted":[4],"developmental":[5,25,265],"trajectory":[6],"[Morton,":[7],"J.":[8],"B.":[9],"Understanding":[10],"genetic,":[11],"neurophysiological,":[12],"and":[13,36,104,120,142,181,214,246,260,279],"experiential":[14],"influences":[15],"on":[16,65],"the":[17,43,61,72,77,84,92,114,127,137,143,162,195,219,222,230,251,254,269],"development":[18],"of":[19,38,86,94,113,221,253],"executive":[20,69,167,274],"functioning:":[21],"The":[22],"need":[23],"for":[24,175,207,241],"models.":[26],"Wiley":[27],"Interdisciplinary":[28],"Reviews:":[29],"Science,":[31],"2010].":[32],"For":[33],"example,":[34],"performance":[35,278],"patterns":[37],"brain":[39],"activity":[40],"associated":[41,217,249],"with":[42,116,161,218,250],"dimensional":[44],"change":[45],"card":[46],"sort":[47],"(DCCS)":[48],"show":[49],"continued":[50],"age-related":[51],"changes":[52],"into":[53],"early":[54],"adolescence.":[55],"According":[56],"to":[57,187,194,211,229],"many":[58],"theoretical":[59],"accounts,":[60],"DCCS":[62,89,115,277],"places":[63],"demands":[64],"single":[67,88,172],"underlying":[68],"process.":[70],"In":[71],"present":[73],"study,":[74],"we":[75],"investigated":[76],"possibility":[78],"that":[79,164,215,247,272],"multiple":[80,165,273],"processes":[81,168,262,275],"unfold":[82,169],"within":[83,170],"timeframe":[85],"trial":[90],"through":[91],"use":[93],"ERPs.":[95],"Children":[96],"(n":[97,101,106],"=":[98,102,107],"40),":[99],"adolescents":[100],"20),":[103],"adults":[105],"20)":[108],"performed":[109],"modified":[111],"version":[112],"distinct":[117,166,264],"instruction":[118,196],"cue-":[119],"stimulus-related":[121],"periods.":[122],"On":[123],"any":[124],"particular":[125],"trial,":[126],"sorting":[128],"rule":[129,179],"either":[130,146],"changed":[131],"(i.e.,":[132,139,149,155],"switch":[133,208,224,259],"trials)":[134],"or":[135,152],"remained":[136],"same":[138],"repeat":[140,212],"trials),":[141],"imperative":[144,231],"stimulus":[145,232],"embodied":[147],"conflict":[148,182,256],"bivalent":[150,242],"stimuli)":[151],"did":[153],"not":[154],"univalent":[156,244],"stimuli).":[157],"Findings":[158],"were":[159],"consistent":[160],"hypothesis":[163],"trial.":[173],"First,":[174],"all":[176],"age":[177],"groups,":[178],"switching":[180],"processing":[183],"made":[184],"additive":[185],"contributions":[186],"variability":[188],"in":[189],"RT.":[190],"Second,":[191],"ERPs":[192,227],"time-locked":[193,228],"cue":[197],"revealed":[198,233],"late":[200],"frontal":[201],"negativity":[202],"whose":[203,237],"amplitude":[204,238],"was":[205,216,239,248],"greater":[206,240],"trials":[209,213],"relative":[210],"magnitude":[220,252],"behavioral":[223,255],"cost,":[225],"whereas":[226],"fronto-central":[235],"N2":[236],"than":[243],"stimuli":[245],"cost.":[257],"Finally,":[258],"conflict-related":[261],"showed":[263],"trajectories.":[266],"Taken":[267],"together,":[268],"findings":[270],"suggest":[271],"underlie":[276],"its":[280],"development.":[281],"Theoretical":[282],"implications":[283],"are":[284],"discussed.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}