{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2962990511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00207","title":"When is an action caused from within? Quantifying the causal chain leading to actions in simulated agents","display_name":"When is an action caused from within? Quantifying the causal chain leading to actions in simulated agents","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2962990511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00207","mag":"2962990511"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/isal_a_00207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00207","pdf_url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isal_a_00207","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608301","display_name":"The 2019 Conference on Artificial Life","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2019 Conference on Artificial Life","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isal_a_00207","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010154582","display_name":"Bj\u00f8rn Erik Juel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0550-581X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bj\u00f8rn Erik Juel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Signalling Group, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Signalling Group, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076803702","display_name":"Renzo Comolatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1097-3095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88273585","display_name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5swt12","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88273585"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renzo Comolatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88273585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001381023","display_name":"Giulio Tononi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3892-4087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Tononi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088756569","display_name":"Larissa Albantakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-9917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Larissa Albantakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088756569"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9841,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81741391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"477","last_page":"484"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8097572922706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-chain","display_name":"Causal chain","score":0.6303707361221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.5912570357322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5804532766342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5564127564430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5547300577163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.519423246383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5158564448356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.467864990234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44958189129829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.39498603343963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3206181228160858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16477277874946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09182873368263245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8097572922706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79897977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054568","display_name":"Causal chain","level":2,"score":0.6303707361221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5912570357322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5804532766342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5564127564430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5547300577163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.519423246383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5158564448356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.467864990234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44958189129829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.39498603343963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3206181228160858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16477277874946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09182873368263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/isal_a_00207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00207","pdf_url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isal_a_00207","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608301","display_name":"The 2019 Conference on Artificial Life","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2019 Conference on Artificial Life","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.duo.uio.no:10852/80857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-83943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2693-1508","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/isal_a_00207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00207","pdf_url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isal_a_00207","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608301","display_name":"The 2019 Conference on Artificial Life","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2019 Conference on Artificial Life","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962990511.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1752084669","https://openalex.org/W1969469858","https://openalex.org/W1996785855","https://openalex.org/W1998567810","https://openalex.org/W2014805262","https://openalex.org/W2022029210","https://openalex.org/W2032254348","https://openalex.org/W2054162326","https://openalex.org/W2070484080","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2619677877","https://openalex.org/W2753865463","https://openalex.org/W2754697621","https://openalex.org/W2779419474","https://openalex.org/W2896421293","https://openalex.org/W2963843362","https://openalex.org/W3098590676","https://openalex.org/W3100253591","https://openalex.org/W3104119469","https://openalex.org/W3164145939","https://openalex.org/W4256674099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2623658258","https://openalex.org/W2143413548","https://openalex.org/W1969219540","https://openalex.org/W2370459448","https://openalex.org/W2105067402"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"agent\u2019s":[1,33],"actions":[2,34,144,169],"can":[3],"be":[4],"influenced":[5],"by":[6,172,180],"external":[7],"factors":[8,174],"through":[9,183],"the":[10,15,90,106,119,123,134,150,163,181,192],"inputs":[11],"it":[12],"receives":[13],"from":[14,37],"environment,":[16],"as":[17,19,23,39,51,53],"well":[18,52],"internal":[20,173],"factors,":[21],"such":[22],"memories":[24],"or":[25],"intrinsic":[26],"preferences.":[27],"The":[28],"extent":[29,164],"to":[30,41,79,89,102,132,141,165,177,197],"which":[31,166],"an":[32,142,167],"are":[35,170],"\u201ccaused":[36],"within\u201d,":[38],"opposed":[40,176],"being":[42,178],"externally":[43],"driven,":[44],"should":[45],"depend":[46],"on":[47],"its":[48,184],"sensor":[49,92],"capacity":[50,93],"environmental":[54],"demands":[55],"for":[56],"memory":[57],"and":[58,94,104,148],"context-dependent":[59],"behavior.":[60],"Here,":[61],"we":[62,117,128],"test":[63],"this":[64,130],"hypothesis":[65],"using":[66],"simulated":[67],"agents":[68],"(\u201canimats\u201d),":[69],"equipped":[70],"with":[71,87,188],"small":[72],"adaptive":[73],"Markov":[74],"Brains":[75],"(MB)":[76],"that":[77,160],"evolve":[78],"solve":[80],"a":[81,98],"perceptual-categorization":[82],"task":[83,95,156,193],"under":[84],"conditions":[85,194],"varied":[86,186],"regards":[88],"agents\u2019":[91],"difficulty.":[96],"Using":[97],"novel":[99],"formalism":[100],"developed":[101],"identify":[103],"quantify":[105],"actual":[107],"causes":[108,121],"of":[109,122,138,191],"occurrences":[110],"(\u201cwhat":[111],"caused":[112,171],"what?\u201d)":[113],"in":[114,146],"complex":[115],"networks,":[116],"evaluate":[118],"direct":[120],"animats\u2019":[124],"actions.":[125],"In":[126],"addition,":[127],"extend":[129],"framework":[131],"trace":[133],"causal":[135,153],"chain":[136],"(\u201ccauses":[137],"causes\u201d)":[139],"leading":[140],"animat\u2019s":[143,168],"back":[145],"time,":[147],"compare":[149],"obtained":[151],"spatio-temporal":[152],"history":[154],"across":[155],"conditions.":[157],"We":[158],"found":[159],"measures":[161],"quantifying":[162],"(as":[175],"driven":[179],"environment":[182],"sensors)":[185],"consistently":[187],"defining":[189],"aspects":[190],"they":[195],"evolved":[196],"thrive":[198],"in.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}