{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1966097591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00133","title":"On Using Surrogates with Genetic Programming","display_name":"On Using Surrogates with Genetic Programming","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1966097591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00133","mag":"1966097591","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24967694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/evco_a_00133","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38677346","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1063-6560","issn":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109231664","display_name":"Torsten Hildebrandt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torsten Hildebrandt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bremer Institut f\u00fcr Produktion und Logistik GmbH (BIBA) an der Universit\u00e4t Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bremer Institut f\u00fcr Produktion und Logistik GmbH (BIBA) an der Universit\u00e4t Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109451045","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Branke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00fcrgen Branke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2437,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":192,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97942462,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"343","last_page":"367"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.8122925758361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogate-model","display_name":"Surrogate model","score":0.7455366253852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6453853249549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.6115518808364868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"Fitness function","score":0.6056810617446899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5898023843765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5481583476066589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-landscape","display_name":"Fitness landscape","score":0.5308692455291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-approximation","display_name":"Fitness approximation","score":0.4776645600795746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44754165410995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.4433855414390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4388880729675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.42067793011665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41928985714912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.3234260082244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.318383127450943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.8122925758361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131675550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646884","display_name":"Surrogate model","level":2,"score":0.7455366253852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6453853249549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.6115518808364868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.6056810617446899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5898023843765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5481583476066589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.5308692455291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148392497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16250539","display_name":"Fitness approximation","level":4,"score":0.4776645600795746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44754165410995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4433855414390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4388880729675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.42067793011665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41928985714912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3234260082244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.318383127450943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019143","descriptor_name":"Evolution, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019143","descriptor_name":"Evolution, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019143","descriptor_name":"Evolution, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/evco_a_00133","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38677346","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1063-6560","issn":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24967694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24967694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:60025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Working or Discussion Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.915.1402","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.915.1402","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Torsten_Hildebrandt/publication/263430204_On_Using_Surrogates_with_Genetic_Programming/links/543ec23a0cf2eaec07e7f71b.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39808511","https://openalex.org/W82080441","https://openalex.org/W93820363","https://openalex.org/W612144037","https://openalex.org/W1268995792","https://openalex.org/W1483736078","https://openalex.org/W1505743939","https://openalex.org/W1536647479","https://openalex.org/W1537870043","https://openalex.org/W1561792925","https://openalex.org/W1566022377","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1580664041","https://openalex.org/W1591022951","https://openalex.org/W1814515812","https://openalex.org/W1975682709","https://openalex.org/W1976618788","https://openalex.org/W1981029154","https://openalex.org/W1983859759","https://openalex.org/W1998510734","https://openalex.org/W2000503034","https://openalex.org/W2011174137","https://openalex.org/W2012451526","https://openalex.org/W2017593540","https://openalex.org/W2023002456","https://openalex.org/W2029481182","https://openalex.org/W2031569136","https://openalex.org/W2050570216","https://openalex.org/W2061011797","https://openalex.org/W2072395453","https://openalex.org/W2087376002","https://openalex.org/W2088865390","https://openalex.org/W2088990166","https://openalex.org/W2092211810","https://openalex.org/W2112036188","https://openalex.org/W2113192631","https://openalex.org/W2118806472","https://openalex.org/W2119924737","https://openalex.org/W2120033649","https://openalex.org/W2121379050","https://openalex.org/W2122967269","https://openalex.org/W2125999725","https://openalex.org/W2132903034","https://openalex.org/W2132932473","https://openalex.org/W2136485110","https://openalex.org/W2140481308","https://openalex.org/W2156106639","https://openalex.org/W2166739626","https://openalex.org/W2166858694","https://openalex.org/W2275596639","https://openalex.org/W2495093152","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2616627863","https://openalex.org/W2764576520","https://openalex.org/W2911704909","https://openalex.org/W3102715269","https://openalex.org/W4230796330","https://openalex.org/W4365800092","https://openalex.org/W7071364070"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036107212","https://openalex.org/W2159937791","https://openalex.org/W2164084664","https://openalex.org/W192154461","https://openalex.org/W1634842376","https://openalex.org/W2138958036","https://openalex.org/W1591022951","https://openalex.org/W1792573625","https://openalex.org/W1974337071","https://openalex.org/W2561856575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"way":[1,70],"to":[2,11,71,85,105,139],"accelerate":[3],"evolutionary":[4],"algorithms":[5],"with":[6,14,55,75,126],"expensive":[7,128],"fitness":[8,25,129],"evaluations":[9],"is":[10],"combine":[12],"them":[13],"surrogate":[15,73,87,141],"models.":[16],"Surrogate":[17],"models":[18,44,74,142],"are":[19],"efficiently":[20,101],"computable":[21],"approximations":[22],"of":[23,30,38,59,109,123,151],"the":[24,56,80,86,145],"function,":[26],"derived":[27],"by":[28],"means":[29],"statistical":[31],"or":[32],"machine":[33],"learning":[34],"techniques":[35],"from":[36],"samples":[37],"fully":[39],"evaluated":[40],"solutions.":[41],"But":[42],"these":[43,134],"usually":[45],"require":[46],"a":[47,68,92,114],"numerical":[48],"representation,":[49],"and":[50,102,111,143,148],"therefore":[51],"cannot":[52],"be":[53,99,137],"used":[54,138],"tree":[57],"representation":[58],"genetic":[60],"programming":[61],"(GP).":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,89,131],"present":[67],"new":[69],"use":[72],"GP.":[76,152],"Rather":[77],"than":[78],"using":[79,91],"genotype":[81],"directly":[82],"as":[83,120],"input":[84],"model,":[88],"propose":[90],"phenotypic":[93,96],"characterization.":[94],"This":[95],"characterization":[97],"can":[98,136],"computed":[100],"allows":[103],"us":[104],"define":[106],"approximate":[107],"measures":[108],"equivalence":[110],"similarity.":[112],"Using":[113],"stochastic,":[115],"dynamic":[116],"job":[117],"shop":[118],"scenario":[119],"an":[121,127],"example":[122],"simulation-based":[124],"GP":[125],"evaluation,":[130],"show":[132],"how":[133],"ideas":[135],"construct":[140],"improve":[144],"convergence":[146],"speed":[147],"solution":[149],"quality":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
