{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127135609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/dint_a_00075","title":"Comments to Jean-Claude Burgelman's article <i>Politics and Open Science: How the European Open Science Cloud Became Reality (the Untold Story)</i>","display_name":"Comments to Jean-Claude Burgelman's article <i>Politics and Open Science: How the European Open Science Cloud Became Reality (the Untold Story)</i>","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127135609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/dint_a_00075","mag":"3127135609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/dint_a_00075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/dint_a_00075","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/dint/article-pdf/3/1/43/1911374/dint_a_00075.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186383","display_name":"Data Intelligence","issn_l":"2096-7004","issn":["2096-7004","2641-435X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/dint/article-pdf/3/1/43/1911374/dint_a_00075.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082263504","display_name":"George Strawn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4098-0464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286959531","display_name":"United Nations","ror":"https://ror.org/006kxhp52","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1318687432","display_name":"National Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/038mfx688","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318687432","https://openalex.org/I197604219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George Strawn","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Strawn is currently the director of the Board on Research Data and Information at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine where he focuses on Open Science and FAIR data. Prior to joining the Academies, Dr. Strawn was the director of the National Coordination Office (NCO) for the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program and co-chai","US National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC 20418, USA","George Strawn is currently the director of the Board on Research Data and Information at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine where he focuses on Open Science and FAIR data. Prior to joining the Academies, Dr. Strawn was the director of the National Coordination Office (NCO) for the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program and co-chair of the NITRD interagency committee"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Strawn is currently the director of the Board on Research Data and Information at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine where he focuses on Open Science and FAIR data. Prior to joining the Academies, Dr. Strawn was the director of the National Coordination Office (NCO) for the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program and co-chai","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC 20418, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1318687432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Strawn is currently the director of the Board on Research Data and Information at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine where he focuses on Open Science and FAIR data. Prior to joining the Academies, Dr. Strawn was the director of the National Coordination Office (NCO) for the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program and co-chair of the NITRD interagency committee","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082263504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I1318687432"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2754,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56681501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"43","last_page":"46"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11937","display_name":"Research Data Management Practices","score":0.4855000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11937","display_name":"Research Data Management Practices","score":0.4855000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.627156138420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5295827388763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-science","display_name":"Open science","score":0.5132277011871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art-history","display_name":"Art history","score":0.4291987419128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.4148300886154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-studies","display_name":"Media studies","score":0.37730562686920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3315269351005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.3271745443344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.30799752473831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19923889636993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.12053218483924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.08045056462287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07488241791725159}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.627156138420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5295827388763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778149293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309823","display_name":"Open science","level":2,"score":0.5132277011871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.4291987419128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.4148300886154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.37730562686920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3315269351005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.3271745443344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30799752473831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19923889636993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12053218483924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.08045056462287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07488241791725159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/dint_a_00075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/dint_a_00075","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/dint/article-pdf/3/1/43/1911374/dint_a_00075.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186383","display_name":"Data Intelligence","issn_l":"2096-7004","issn":["2096-7004","2641-435X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f4b9599168b34280b586b5f558e84832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f4b9599168b34280b586b5f558e84832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data Intelligence, Vol 3, Iss 1 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/dint_a_00075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/dint_a_00075","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/dint/article-pdf/3/1/43/1911374/dint_a_00075.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186383","display_name":"Data Intelligence","issn_l":"2096-7004","issn":["2096-7004","2641-435X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127135609.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127135609.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2381966551","https://openalex.org/W2320214176","https://openalex.org/W1915353240","https://openalex.org/W1543471046","https://openalex.org/W2626297876","https://openalex.org/W2399589447","https://openalex.org/W1612031479","https://openalex.org/W2086998054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0,41,46,65,310,697,1241,1266],"have":[1,279,476,496,849,923,958,971],"heard":[2],"Europeans":[3],"joke":[4],"about":[5,299],"themselves":[6],"saying,":[7],"\u201cAmerica":[8],"innovates,":[9],"Asia":[10,750],"imitates,":[11],"and":[12,36,154,184,202,336,399,452,523,528,569,749,773,876,892,961,999,1008,1016,1070,1136,1162,1192,1262],"Europe":[13,21,748],"hesitates.\u201d":[14],"However,":[15],"EOSC":[16,110,195,266,284,314,325,552,626,662,710,878,929,981,1276],"is":[17,22,26,129,135,148,196,205,455,465,880,888,898,963],"a":[18,29,126,133,169,271,305,340,457,558,604,619,655,725,753,782,792,839,857,985,993,1019],"case":[19,764],"where":[20],"innovating":[23],"while":[24],"America":[25],"hesitating.":[27],"I'm":[28,293],"committed":[30],"believer":[31],"in":[32,75,240,248,381,396,419,432,478,536,732,883,930,982,1012,1106,1195,1277],"Open":[33,37],"Data":[34,300],"(OD)":[35],"Science":[38,301],"(OS),":[39],"so":[40,86,819,962,1166],"salute":[42],"their":[43,433,607,761,1013,1146],"leadership.":[44],"And":[45,207,309,572,911,1175,1216],"appreciate":[47],"Jean-Claude's":[48],"giving":[49],"us":[50],"an":[51,330,379,712,721,825,1044],"insider's":[52],"view":[53],"as":[54,168,208,454,563,603,678,696,838,890,1217,1282],"to":[55,82,109,158,178,199,245,303,343,390,394,415,423,425,512,543,556,606,642,672,686,707,711,741,784,798,823,901,934,942,975,979,1021,1034,1039,1043,1072,1074,1091,1115,1133,1140,1180,1207,1231,1250],"how":[56,473],"this":[57,884,906,1027,1121],"leadership":[58],"(and":[59],"its":[60,151,189,945,1164,1260],"associated":[61],"challenges)":[62],"came":[63,835,869],"about.":[64],"had":[66,157,221,387,532,972,1157],"the":[67,73,78,96,100,165,192,215,241,249,287,313,352,365,368,372,374,382,404,412,420,479,486,492,498,521,539,589,625,666,682,709,735,766,771,779,785,788,803,811,817,829,833,872,918,928,935,964,973,980,989,1005,1009,1022,1029,1054,1060,1075,1083,1092,1096,1108,1116,1129,1142,1148,1159,1169,1184,1188,1198,1209,1221,1224,1229,1233,1237,1239,1252,1272,1278,1283],"good":[68,117,127,458],"fortune":[69],"of":[70,77,95,99,116,142,224,227,255,354,385,406,411,429,485,500,592,610,650,728,756,765,1026,1099,1110,1145,1151,1168,1183,1275],"\u201cbeing":[71],"on":[72,92,139,506,828,1228],"inside\u201d":[74],"some":[76,94],"projects":[79,259,587,950],"which":[80,430,495,1212,1257],"led":[81],"today's":[83],"global":[84],"Internet,":[85],"my":[87,845],"brief":[88],"remarks":[89],"will":[90,316,326,553,576,663,669,698,704,1247,1270],"focus":[91],"describing":[93],"salient":[97],"features":[98],"Internet":[101,166,220,288,586,1130,1225,1284],"development":[102],"that":[103,182,312,440,551,647,690,734,791,809,865,903,1049,1081,1128,1214,1243,1268],"may":[104,106,213],"(or":[105],"not)":[107],"apply":[108],"development.Jean-Claude":[111],"says,":[112,334,628],"\u201cThe":[113],"track":[114],"record":[115],"European":[118],"(high":[119],"tech)":[120],"ideas":[121],"going":[122,1132],"nowhere":[123],"because":[124,173,442,463,746],"once":[125],"idea":[128,459],"launched,":[130],"making":[131,564],"it":[132,174,204,347,360,464,614],"reality":[134],"obstructed":[136],"by":[137,358,403,491,580,1082,1186,1220,1255],"discussions":[138],"process,":[140],"aggregation":[141],"particular":[143],"interests,":[144],"territorial":[145],"fights,":[146],"etc.":[147],"larger":[149],"than":[150,321,719],"success":[152],"record.\u201dJean-Claude":[153],"his":[155],"colleagues":[156],"fight":[159],"political":[160,170,211],"battles":[161],"up":[162],"front,":[163],"whereas":[164],"began":[167,1137],"stealth":[171],"project,":[172],"was":[175,236,253,414,437,450,489,615,816,821,874,992,1080,1113,1131,1172,1177,1200,1226],"not":[176,294,349,466,599,922],"perceived":[177,198],"be":[179,200,214,327,344,350,577,670,796,1134],"important":[180,201,891,1135],"at":[181,328,351,439,864],"time":[183],"only":[185,640,683,812,870,1052],"one":[186,282],"agency":[187,230,263,380],"funded":[188],"development.":[190],"On":[191],"other":[193,955,1068],"hand,":[194],"widely":[197],"hence":[203],"political.":[206],"Jean-Claude":[209],"said,":[210],"visibility":[212],"EOSC's":[216],"greatest":[217],"challenge.":[218],"The":[219,265,408,447,482,502,530,585,595,938,1002,1078],"gestation":[222,251,274],"period":[223,252],"thirty":[225,291],"years":[226,909,1150],"US":[228,242,383,729,744,767,805,956],"Federal":[229,736],"support,":[231,852],"but":[232,346,636],"no":[233,533,851],"interagency":[234],"politics":[235,239,247,369],"involved.":[237],"(Interagency":[238],"are":[243,268,637,680],"similar":[244,620],"interstate":[246],"EU.)This":[250],"comprised":[254],"three":[256,507,546],"sequential":[257],"\u201cmiddle-out\u201d":[258],"(middle-out":[260],"meaning":[261],"single":[262],"projects).":[264],"implementors":[267],"planning":[269],"for":[270,460,693,717,743,760,856,861,927,988,1056,1067,1190,1236],"much":[272],"shorter":[273],"period.":[275],"As":[276,781],"such,":[277],"they":[278,904,1050],"compressed":[280],"into":[281,836],"top-down":[283],"project":[285,879,907],"what":[286,471,654],"experienced":[289],"over":[290],"years.":[292],"sure":[295],"we":[296,679,914],"know":[297],"enough":[298],"yet":[302],"meet":[304,1208],"very":[306,840,881,969],"short":[307],"timeline.":[308],"hope":[311,550,1267],"effort":[315],"engage":[317],"more":[318,718],"data":[319,322,565,657,702],"scientists":[320,730,762,789],"users.":[323],"Otherwise,":[324],"best":[329],"incremental":[331],"improvement.Jean-Claude":[332],"also":[333,554,1040,1248],"\u201cDemocracy":[335],"inclusiveness":[337],"come":[338],"with":[339,802],"rightful":[341],"price":[342],"paid,":[345],"should":[348,475,795],"cost":[353],"immobilism":[355],"or":[356,472,676,854],"non-delivery":[357],"watering":[359],"down.\u201d":[361],"Unfortunately,":[362],"that's":[363],"often":[364,456,639],"challenge":[366],"when":[367,1197],"must":[370],"precede":[371],"science.In":[373],"1960s,":[375],"APRA":[376],"(now":[377],"DARPA),":[378],"Department":[384,405],"Defense,":[386],"cart":[388],"blanche":[389],"think":[391],"long-term,":[392],"money":[393],"invest":[395],"long-term":[397],"projects,":[398],"protection":[400],"from":[401,624],"interference":[402],"Defense.":[407],"original":[409,1097],"goal":[410,1098],"ARPAnet":[413,487,503,531],"allow":[416,1035,1271],"any":[417,426],"terminal":[418],"ARPA":[421],"offices":[422],"connect":[424,1073],"computer,":[427],"regardless":[428],"vendor,":[431],"contractor's":[434],"offices.":[435],"This":[436],"impossible":[438],"time,":[441,810,1062],"computer":[443,793],"vendors":[444],"preferred":[445],"lock-in.":[446],"first":[448,480],"version":[449,484],"\u201cquick":[451],"dirty\u201d":[453],"software":[461,488],"developments":[462],"clear":[467],"until":[468,613],"after":[469,871],"done":[470,959],"you":[474],"implemented":[477],"place.":[481],"second":[483],"defined":[490],"TCP/IP":[493,830],"protocols,":[494],"stood":[497],"test":[499],"time.":[501,866],"functionality":[504],"centered":[505],"general":[508,547,560,858],"services:":[509],"remote":[510],"login":[511],"computers":[513],"(today":[514,519,525],"called":[515,520,526],"apps),":[516],"file":[517],"transfer":[518],"Web),":[522],"email":[524,527],"texting).":[529],"specific":[534],"applications":[535],"mind":[537],"beyond":[538,1095],"network":[540,794,815,860,1055,1189,1234],"research":[541,806,949,1006,1101],"required":[542],"implement":[544],"these":[545],"services.I":[548],"would":[549,848,921,1258],"seek":[555],"provide":[557,687,738,1263],"few":[559],"services,":[561],"such":[562,758],"findable,":[566],"accessible,":[567],"interoperable,":[568],"reusable":[570],"(FAIR).":[571],"perhaps":[573],"those":[574,701,800],"services":[575,1253],"made":[578,822],"available":[579],"developing":[581],"novel,":[582],"disruptive":[583,590,621],"technologies.":[584],"created":[588],"technology":[591,622],"packet":[593,601],"switching.":[594],"telecommunications":[596],"industry":[597],"did":[598],"recognize":[600,632],"switching":[602,612],"threat":[605],"long-established":[608],"mode":[609],"circuit":[611],"too":[616,899],"late.":[617],"Might":[618],"emerge":[623],"project?Jean-Claude":[627],"\u201cPolicy":[629],"makers":[630],"do":[631],"disruption":[633,644],"relatively":[634],"quickly":[635],"quite":[638],"prepared":[641],"tackle":[643],"via":[645],"policies":[646],"guarantee":[648],"continuity":[649],"business.\u201d":[651],"But,":[652],"reporting":[653],"commercial":[656],"provider":[658],"told":[659],"him,":[660],"\u201cIf":[661],"exist,":[664],"\u2026":[665],"private":[667,1036,1123,1154,1170,1244],"players":[668],"asked":[671],"subcontract":[673],"capacity":[674],"(hosting":[675],"services)":[677],"amongst":[681],"ones":[684],"able":[685,1033],"it.":[688],"So,":[689],"earns":[691],"business":[692],"us.\u201d":[694],"Moreover,":[695],"say":[699],"below,":[700],"providers":[703],"probably":[705],"want":[706,941,1249],"extend":[708],"EOC":[713],"(an":[714],"open":[715,1057],"cloud":[716],"science).In":[720],"apparently":[722],"unrelated":[723],"development,":[724],"high-level":[726],"committee":[727],"recommend":[731,902],"1983":[733],"government":[737,1143],"expanded":[739],"access":[740,759],"supercomputers":[742],"scientists,":[745],"both":[747],"were":[751,1032,1087,1203],"doing":[752],"better":[754],"job":[755],"providing":[757],"(another":[763],"hesitating)!":[768],"NSF":[769,1063,1176],"accepted":[770],"obligation":[772],"established":[774,797],"six":[775],"supercomputer":[776],"centers":[777,801,1011],"across":[778],"country.":[780],"\u201ccorollary\u201d":[783],"supercomputing":[786,1010],"initiative,":[787],"recommended":[790],"interconnect":[799],"100":[804,1100],"universities.":[807,1102],"At":[808,952,1059,1120],"functioning":[813],"vender-neutral":[814],"ARPAnet,":[818],"decision":[820],"develop":[824],"\u201cNSFnet\u201d":[826],"based":[827],"protocols.":[831],"Thus":[832],"NSFnet":[834,873,1199],"being":[837],"special":[841],"purpose":[842,859],"network.":[843],"In":[844],"opinion,":[846],"there":[847,920,1086,1202],"been":[850,924],"policy":[853,1047,1269],"financial,":[855],"higher":[862,1117],"education":[863,1118],"That":[867],"support":[868,894,926],"installed":[875],"working.The":[877],"different":[882],"regard,":[885],"too.":[886],"It":[887,897],"recognized":[889],"EU":[893,939],"demonstrates":[895],"that.":[896],"late":[900],"begin":[905,976],"twenty":[908],"ago!":[910],"even":[912],"if":[913],"could":[915,1051,1126],"turn":[916],"back":[917],"clock,":[919],"broad":[925],"2000.However,":[931],"looking":[932],"ahead":[933],"next":[936],"innovations,":[937],"might":[940,968],"consider":[943],"establishing":[944],"own":[946],"ARPA-Europe":[947,967],"(advanced":[948],"agency).":[951],"least":[953],"two":[954],"agencies":[957],"so,":[960],"UK\u2460.":[965],"An":[966],"well":[970,1094,1227],"foresight":[974],"work":[977],"leading":[978],"2000.NSF":[983],"designed":[984],"three-tier":[986],"architecture":[987],"NSFnet.":[990],"There":[991],"nation-wide":[994],"backbone":[995],"network,":[996],"regional":[997,1030,1076],"networks,":[998],"campus":[1000],"networks.":[1001,1077],"regionals":[1003],"interconnected":[1004],"universities":[1007,1071],"geographical":[1014],"region":[1015],"provided":[1017,1158,1254],"them":[1018],"connection":[1020],"national":[1023,1210],"backbone.":[1024],"Because":[1025],"architecture,":[1028],"networks":[1031],"sector":[1037,1124,1155,1171,1245],"companies":[1038,1246],"join,":[1041],"subject":[1042],"\u201cacceptable":[1045],"use\u201d":[1046],"stating":[1048],"use":[1053,1251,1274,1285],"research.":[1058],"same":[1061],"offered":[1064],"small":[1065],"awards":[1066],"colleges":[1069],"result":[1079],"early":[1084],"1990s":[1085],"approximately":[1088],"1,000":[1089],"connections":[1090,1112],"NSFnet,":[1093],"More":[1103],"surprisingly":[1104],"still,":[1105],"1991":[1107],"number":[1109],"non-university/college":[1111],"equal":[1114],"connections.":[1119],"point,":[1122],"entrepreneurs":[1125],"see":[1127],"lobbying":[1138],"Congress":[1139],"\u201cget":[1141,1181],"out":[1144,1182],"way.\u201dOver":[1147],"ten":[1149],"NSFnet's":[1152],"existence,":[1153],"partners":[1156],"fiber":[1160],"cables":[1161],"developed":[1163],"routers,":[1165],"part":[1167],"fully":[1173],"engaged.":[1174],"working":[1178],"hard":[1179],"way\u201d":[1185],"re-architecting":[1187],"privatization":[1191],"commercialization.":[1193],"So":[1194],"1995":[1196],"retired,":[1201],"\u201ctrained\u201d":[1204],"corporations":[1205],"ready":[1206],"demand":[1211],"exploded":[1213],"year.":[1215],"everyone":[1218],"knows,":[1219],"year":[1222],"2,000":[1223],"way":[1230],"becoming":[1232],"infrastructure":[1235],"world.Regarding":[1238],"EOSC,":[1240],"suspect":[1242],"it,":[1256],"enhance":[1259],"usefulness":[1261],"additional":[1264],"support.":[1265],"universal":[1273],"long":[1279],"run,":[1280],"just":[1281],"became":[1286],"universal.":[1287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
