{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323310674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/comj_r_00627","title":"Barry Schrader: Lost Analog","display_name":"Barry Schrader: Lost Analog","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323310674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/comj_r_00627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/comj_r_00627","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj_r_00627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165362224","display_name":"Computer Music Journal","issn_l":"0148-9267","issn":["0148-9267","1531-5169"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Music Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064263466","display_name":"Ross Feller","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ross Feller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gambier, Ohio, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gambier, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064263466"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22022876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"4","first_page":"74","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11349","display_name":"Music Technology and Sound Studies","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11349","display_name":"Music Technology and Sound Studies","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icon","display_name":"Icon","score":0.8427804708480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation","display_name":"Citation","score":0.6836845278739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/download","display_name":"Download","score":0.5487039685249329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5100405812263489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-optimization","display_name":"Search engine optimization","score":0.5023670196533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4532110393047333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.3966536819934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art-history","display_name":"Art history","score":0.348711222410202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.32862645387649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3249165415763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.29512396454811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.22805994749069214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778447006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156474","display_name":"Icon","level":2,"score":0.8427804708480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.6836845278739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780154274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126717","display_name":"Download","level":2,"score":0.5487039685249329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5100405812263489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178218473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180711","display_name":"Search engine optimization","level":3,"score":0.5023670196533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4532110393047333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.3966536819934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.348711222410202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.32862645387649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3249165415763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.29512396454811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.22805994749069214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/comj_r_00627","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj_r_00627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165362224","display_name":"Computer Music Journal","issn_l":"0148-9267","issn":["0148-9267","1531-5169"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Music Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3175319091","https://openalex.org/W2056060060","https://openalex.org/W1504514227","https://openalex.org/W220677501","https://openalex.org/W2076882245","https://openalex.org/W2175435306","https://openalex.org/W4360922125","https://openalex.org/W2981902742","https://openalex.org/W4207071872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"All":[0],"of":[1,44,52,103,136,140,153,163,178,183,198,220,258,293,297,316,323,360,403,425,480,529,536,543,574,601,612,632,642,695,704,706,725,741,744,752,772,807,839,863,883,894,900,903,932,961,1008,1036,1063,1083,1094,1103,1124,1128,1132,1178,1197,1260,1272],"the":[2,18,35,38,45,154,167,175,179,184,199,238,244,255,274,294,298,321,401,413,417,467,469,482,520,526,541,556,596,602,613,633,674,682,696,701,711,733,739,779,817,864,870,887,892,895,898,901,904,914,948,980,1006,1012,1016,1029,1044,1055,1066,1081,1084,1086,1104,1129,1133,1149,1156,1173,1219,1222,1225,1248,1266,1270,1277],"music":[3,105,222,1199,1233],"on":[4,407,485,985,1000,1201,1234],"this":[5,53,62,104,206,287,317,434,453,486,523,554,563,636,750,798,814,834,986,1061,1209,1213],"album":[6,1214],"was":[7,461,1239],"composed":[8,157,492],"between":[9,234,254,493,1043],"1972":[10,494],"and":[11,37,78,125,237,263,363,396,446,477,495,503,511,545,558,592,606,687,774,789,810,875,982,997,1048,1065,1144,1163,1170,1258,1263],"1983,":[12],"created":[13,188],"for":[14,61,111,174,452,995,1015],"four-channel":[15],"audio":[16,288],"using":[17,366,584],"Buchla":[19,376,414,697,915,1056,1157],"200":[20],"analog":[21],"modular":[22,377,409,1057,1236],"synthesizer.":[23,378],"The":[24,229,353,908,924,1073,1166],"album's":[25,149],"title":[26],"refers":[27,169],"to":[28,118,147,170,186,251,519,650,700,717,731,748,797,820,885,912,936,955,1024,1070,1229,1241,1245],"Lost":[29],"Atlantis,":[30],"a":[31,87,141,161,164,172,195,210,303,324,375,408,436,475,489,572,580,621,640,663,761,805,827,880,921,929,939,992,1034,1041,1049,1090,1099,1113,1122,1135,1195,1235],"previous":[32],"release":[33],"by":[34,83,308,331,347,374,590,787,872,917,1002],"composer,":[36],"fact":[39,215],"that,":[40],"over":[41,549],"time,":[42],"parts":[43,1018],"compositions":[46],"herein":[47],"have":[48,58,283],"been":[49,107,1253],"lost.":[50],"Readers":[51],"journal":[54],"will":[55],"no":[56,284,1020],"doubt":[57],"an":[59,626,719],"appreciation":[60],"situation.":[63],"With":[64],"each":[65,855],"new":[66,544],"operating":[67],"system,":[68],"platform,":[69],"program":[70],"version,":[71],"or":[72,272,351],"hardware":[73],"upgrade":[74],"information":[75],"can":[76,647,1204],"be,":[77],"often":[79],"is,":[80],"simply":[81],"lost":[82],"becoming":[84],"inaccessible.":[85],"On":[86],"personal":[88],"note,":[89],"Schrader":[90,269],"writes":[91],"in":[92,109,122,158,214,278,463,552,562,610,685,778,794,844,849,869,942,966,974,1142,1187],"his":[93,266,1179],"liner":[94,267,521],"notes:":[95],"\u201cAs":[96],"I":[97,282],"write":[98],"this,":[99],"realizing":[100],"that":[101,291,368,385,419,433,587,646,729,970,1096,1117,1155,1221,1238],"some":[102,345,600],"hasn't":[106],"heard":[108,793,965,1152,1207],"public":[110],"almost":[112],"fifty":[113],"years,":[114],"I'm":[115],"taken":[116],"back":[117,1147],"much":[119],"earlier":[120],"days":[121],"my":[123],"life":[124],"career,":[126],"which,":[127],"although":[128],"remembered,":[129],"are":[130,134,217,369,679,792,1019],"also":[131,399],"lost,":[132],"as":[133,171,371,412,507,516,681,906],"all":[135,290],"our":[137],"pasts.\u201d":[138],"Composers":[139],"certain":[142],"age":[143],"most":[144,559,1127],"certainly":[145],"relate":[146],"this.The":[148],"first":[150,185,527,565,909,1030,1105,1130,1182],"piece,":[151],"\u201cDeath":[152,611],"Red":[155,180,299,614],"Planet,\u201d":[156,615],"1973,":[159],"comprises":[160],"part":[162],"score,":[165],"which":[166,192,327,707,850],"composer":[168,1067],"\u201csuite,\u201d":[173],"film":[176,197,275],"Death":[177],"Planet,":[181],"one":[182,337,442,535,1192,1215],"be":[187,648,1206],"from":[189,654,833,991,1265],"laser":[190],"images,":[191],"toured":[193],"with":[194,225,302,393,662,738,769,854,879,1033,1112,1218],"concert":[196],"progressive":[200,226],"rock":[201,227],"band":[202],"Yes.":[203],"To":[204],"some,":[205],"may":[207],"seem":[208],"like":[209,387,459,1040],"strange":[211],"partnership,":[212],"but":[213,398,616,878,897],"there":[216],"many":[218,1053],"examples":[219],"electronic":[221,256,866,1198,1232],"pioneers":[223],"collaborating":[224],"artists.":[228],"best-known":[230],"example":[231],"is":[232,248,289,356,389,405,443,455,488,525,555,618,709,736,859,964,1075,1158,1168,1216],"probably":[233],"Bob":[235],"Moog":[236],"English":[239],"keyboardist":[240],"Keith":[241],"Emerson.":[242],"In":[243,265],"present":[245],"case":[246],"it":[247,388,420,460,708,919,1069],"not":[249,273],"difficult":[250],"hear":[252,382,668,800],"similarities":[253],"textures":[257,343],"Rick":[259],"Wakeman":[260],"(Yes's":[261],"keyboardist)":[262],"Schrader.":[264],"notes":[268],"writes:":[270],"\u201cWhether":[271],"still":[276],"exists":[277],"its":[279,956,1052,1243],"original":[280,295],"format,":[281],"idea.\u201d":[285],"Additionally,":[286],"remains":[292],"soundtrack.\u201cDeath":[296],"Planet\u201d":[300],"opens":[301,1032],"deep":[304],"metallic":[305],"rumbling":[306],"supported":[307],"enhanced":[309],"low-end":[310],"frequencies.":[311],"After":[312],"about":[313,501],"40":[314],"seconds":[315],"texture":[318,470,683,1087],"we":[319,381,799],"encounter":[320],"sound":[322],"loud":[325],"explosion,":[326],"periodically":[328,971],"re-appears,":[329],"accompanied":[330],"wonderfully":[332],"crisp":[333],"amplitude":[334,775],"modulation":[335],"series,":[336],"wave":[338],"after":[339],"another.":[340],"Other,":[341],"explosive":[342],"follow,":[344],"succeeded":[346],"long":[348],"reverb":[349],"tails":[350],"fades.":[352],"effect":[354],"here":[355],"quite":[357],"dynamic,":[358],"suggestive":[359,1259],"both":[361,1189],"subterranean":[362],"extraterrestrial":[364],"formats,":[365],"sounds":[367,386,645,653,678],"identifiable":[370],"being":[372,391,746,1183],"produced":[373],"For":[379,1126],"example,":[380],"textural":[383],"arpeggiation":[384],"simultaneously":[390],"controlled":[392],"knobs,":[394],"buttons,":[395],"sliders":[397],"at":[400,427,860,1060,1161],"edge":[402],"what":[404],"controllable":[406],"device":[410],"such":[411,506],"200,":[415,698],"leaving":[416,474,639],"impression":[418],"might":[421],"burst":[422],"into":[423,1089,1098,1121],"wails":[424],"feedback":[426],"any":[428],"moment.":[429],"One":[430,735,890],"could":[431],"say":[432],"represents":[435],"dangerous":[437],"listening":[438,582],"experience,":[439],"especially":[440],"if":[441,1194],"seeking":[444],"order":[445],"logical":[447],"development.The":[448],"overall":[449],"formal":[450,829],"plan":[451],"piece":[454,858,1085,1134],"mostly":[456],"continuous,":[457],"sounding":[458,1039,1256],"improvised":[462],"real":[464,502],"time.":[465],"Toward":[466,1080],"end,":[468],"effectively":[471],"thins":[472],"out,":[473],"diminishing,":[476],"lengthy,":[478],"trail":[479],"noise.Bestiary,":[481],"second":[483,597,925,1107],"work":[484,491,524,528,832,867,984,994,1251],"album,":[487,987],"five-movement":[490],"1974,":[496],"based":[497,999,1200],"upon":[498],"medieval":[499],"treatises":[500],"fictitious":[504],"animals":[505],"sea":[508],"serpents,":[509],"unicorns,":[510],"venomous":[512,726],"winged":[513,727],"reptiles":[514,728],"known":[515],"basilisks.":[517],"According":[518],"notes,":[522],"Schrader's":[530,693],"\u201cto":[531],"fully":[532],"incorporate":[533],"\u2026":[534],"(his)":[537],"main":[538],"compositional":[539,675],"concerns:":[540],"creation":[542],"transformational":[546,824],"timbres.\u201d":[547],"At":[548],"30":[550],"minutes":[551],"length":[553],"longest":[557],"developed":[560],"composition":[561,815,896,905,1196],"collection.The":[564],"movement,":[566,598,658,713,756,781,950],"\u201cIntroduction":[567],"&":[568,758],"Assemblage,\u201d":[569],"cycles":[570],"through":[571,635,764],"series":[573,641,1035],"filter":[575,784],"sweeps,":[576,785],"carefully":[577,1254],"placed":[578],"within":[579,826],"three-dimensional":[581],"space,":[583],"various":[585,1261],"drones":[586],"become":[588],"disturbed":[589,786],"noises":[591,788,809],"percussive":[593,790],"sounds.\u201cSea":[594],"Serpents,\u201d":[595],"uses":[599,714,771],"same":[603],"sound-making":[604],"approaches":[605],"wavelike":[607],"development":[608],"found":[609],"stasis":[617],"pushed":[619],"beyond":[620],"typical":[622],"drone":[623],"texture,":[624],"creating":[625],"unsettling":[627,1169],"feeling.":[628],"About":[629],"two":[630],"thirds":[631],"way":[634],"sense":[637,882,893,1007,1137,1220],"dissolves,":[638],"amplitude-modulated,":[643],"high-frequency":[644],"said":[649],"resemble":[651],"aquatic":[652],"another":[655],"planet.The":[656],"third":[657,831,949],"\u201cThe":[659,1027,1109],"Unicorn,\u201d":[660],"begins":[661,1111],"contemplative,":[664],"solitary":[665],"environment.":[666],"We":[667],"materials":[669,802,935],"overlapping,":[670],"kaleidoscopically":[671],"revolving":[672],"around":[673],"space.":[676],"Other":[677],"introduced":[680],"evolves":[684],"subtle":[686,1231],"unexpected":[688],"ways.":[689],"This":[690,857,1139],"movement":[691,910,926],"demonstrates":[692,1154],"mastery":[694],"pointing":[699],"wide":[702,959],"range":[703,960],"expression":[705],"capable.\u201cBasilisks,\u201d":[710],"next":[712],"complex":[715],"processing":[716],"create":[718,749,821],"unstable":[720],"sonic":[721],"palette,":[722],"chock":[723],"full":[724],"threaten":[730],"devour":[732],"listener.":[734],"left":[737,1217],"perception":[740],"multiple":[742],"banks":[743],"knobs":[745],"manipulated":[747],"kind":[751],"layered":[753],"effect.The":[754],"last":[755,981,1150],"\u201cReturn":[757],"Exit,\u201d":[759],"traces":[760],"conceptual":[762],"line":[763],"inharmonically":[765,933],"rich":[766,930],"timbres":[767,825,963,1038],"shaped":[768],"dynamic":[770],"filtering":[773],"envelopes.":[776],"As":[777],"opening":[780],"spatially":[782],"located":[783],"sounds,":[791],"abundance.":[795],"Added":[796],"pitch-oriented":[801],"repeated":[803],"against":[804],"backdrop":[806],"\u201crubbing\u201d":[808],"continual":[811],"glissandi.":[812],"Overall,":[813],"showcases":[816],"composer's":[818,1226],"ability":[819,1228],"rich,":[822],"evocative,":[823],"large-scale":[828],"plan.The":[830],"collection,":[835],"Classical":[836],"Studies,":[837],"consists":[838],"three":[840,845,989],"short":[841],"pieces":[842],"written":[843],"conventional":[846],"musical":[847],"forms,":[848],"timbre":[851],"continually":[852],"changes":[853],"note.":[856],"times":[861],"reminiscent":[862],"pioneering":[865],"done":[868],"1960s":[871],"Milton":[873],"Babbitt":[874],"Vladimir":[876],"Ussachevsky,":[877],"freer":[881],"how":[884],"control":[886],"variable":[888],"components.":[889],"has":[891,1252],"importance":[899],"performance":[902],"well.":[907],"attempts":[911],"tame":[913],"beast,":[916],"framing":[918],"via":[920],"canonic":[922],"structure.":[923],"offers":[927],"up":[928,954],"palette":[931],"tuned":[934],"fill":[937],"out":[938,1120],"chorale":[940],"structure":[941],"slow,":[943],"yet":[944,1078],"continual,":[945],"motion.":[946],"And":[947],"\u201cPerpetuum":[951],"Mobile,\u201d":[952],"lives":[953],"name.":[957],"A":[958],"varied":[962],"chaotic":[967],"rhythmic":[968],"structures":[969],"get":[972],"caught":[973],"repetitive":[975],"funnels.The":[976],"Moon":[977],"Whales":[978],"Suite,":[979],"newest":[983],"contains":[988],"sections":[990],"larger":[993],"soprano":[996],"electronics,":[998],"poems":[1001],"Ted":[1003],"Hughes.":[1004],"Here,":[1005],"loss":[1009],"occurs":[1010],"because":[1011],"master":[1013],"tapes":[1014],"electronics":[1017],"longer":[1021],"playable,":[1022],"due":[1023],"tape":[1025],"deterioration.":[1026],"Moon-Oak,\u201d":[1028],"section,":[1031,1108],"evocative":[1037],"cross":[1042],"well-known":[1045],"Karplus-Strong":[1046],"algorithm":[1047],"vocoder.":[1050],"Of":[1051],"attributes,":[1054],"synthesizer":[1058],"excels":[1059],"type":[1062],"hybridization,":[1064],"puts":[1068],"good":[1071],"use.":[1072],"result":[1074,1167],"hypnotic,":[1076],"repetitive,":[1077],"varied.":[1079],"middle":[1082],"builds":[1088,1141],"loud,":[1091],"dense":[1092],"cloud":[1093],"noise":[1095],"evaporates":[1097],"more":[1100],"resonant":[1101],"version":[1102],"part.The":[1106],"Moon-Bull,\u201d":[1110],"single,":[1114],"ominous":[1115],"tone":[1116],"gradually":[1118],"branches":[1119],"cluster":[1123],"pitches.":[1125],"half":[1131],"subdued":[1136],"dominates.":[1138],"slowly":[1140],"intensity":[1143],"then":[1145],"fades":[1146],"down.\u201cMoon-Wings,\u201d":[1148],"section":[1151],"here,":[1153],"equally":[1159],"adept":[1160],"pitch":[1162],"noisy":[1164],"materials.":[1165],"disjointed.":[1171],"Given":[1172],"poet's":[1174],"apparent":[1175],"abusive":[1176],"treatment":[1177],"wives":[1180],"(the":[1181],"Sylvia":[1184],"Plath)":[1185],"resulting":[1186],"them":[1188],"committing":[1190],"suicide,":[1191],"wonders":[1193],"Hughes's":[1202],"poetry":[1203],"ever":[1205],"without":[1208,1269],"gory":[1210],"backdrop.After":[1211],"hearing":[1212],"works":[1223],"represent":[1224],"successful":[1227],"make":[1230],"machine":[1237],"built":[1240],"encourage":[1242],"users":[1244],"think":[1246],"\u201coutside":[1247],"box.\u201d":[1249],"Each":[1250],"crafted,":[1255],"poignant":[1257],"landscapes":[1262],"environments":[1264],"natural":[1267],"world,":[1268],"assistance":[1271],"sampling":[1273],"technology.":[1274],"Long":[1275],"live":[1276],"banana":[1278],"plug!":[1279]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}