{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214864368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_r_00165","title":"<b>Language and Computers</b> <b>Markus Dickinson</b><sup>*</sup><b>, Chris Brew</b><sup>\u2021</sup><b>, and Detmar Meurers</b><sup>\u00b6</sup> (<sup>*</sup>Indiana University, <sup>\u2021</sup>Educational Testing Service, and <sup>\u00b6</sup>University of T\u0252bingen) Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, xviii+232 pp; paperbound, ISBN 978-1-4051-8305-5, $34.95; hardbound, ISBN 978-4051-8306-2, $87.95; e-book, ISBN 978-1-1183-2316-8, $22.99","display_name":"<b>Language and Computers</b> <b>Markus Dickinson</b><sup>*</sup><b>, Chris Brew</b><sup>\u2021</sup><b>, and Detmar Meurers</b><sup>\u00b6</sup> (<sup>*</sup>Indiana University, <sup>\u2021</sup>Educational Testing Service, and <sup>\u00b6</sup>University of T\u0252bingen) Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, xviii+232 pp; paperbound, ISBN 978-1-4051-8305-5, $34.95; hardbound, ISBN 978-4051-8306-2, $87.95; e-book, ISBN 978-1-1183-2316-8, $22.99","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214864368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_r_00165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_r_00165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_r_00165","pdf_url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/COLI_r_00165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/COLI_r_00165","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072567427","display_name":"Mats Wir\u00e9n","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161593684","display_name":"Stockholm University","ror":"https://ror.org/05f0yaq80","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mats Wir\u00e9n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mats Wir\u00e9n is Associate Professor in computational linguistics at Stockholm University. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from Link\u00f6ping University. His current research focuses on language acquisition, whereas a long-time interest of his is parsing. He has also carried out research in speech translation and spoken dialogue.Wir\u00e9n's address is Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mats Wir\u00e9n is Associate Professor in computational linguistics at Stockholm University. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from Link\u00f6ping University. His current research focuses on language acquisition, whereas a long-time interest of his is parsing. He has also carried out research in speech translation and spoken dialogue.Wir\u00e9n's address is Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072567427"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34946598,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"3","first_page":"777","last_page":"780"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.40081509947776794}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.40081509947776794}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_r_00165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_r_00165","pdf_url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/COLI_r_00165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:su-91447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-91447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400561","display_name":"DiVA (Stockholm University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161593684","host_organization_name":"Stockholm University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41d610e133c7406aaa7d788060d54250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41d610e133c7406aaa7d788060d54250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 39, Iss 3 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_r_00165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_r_00165","pdf_url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/COLI_r_00165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214864368.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214864368.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969245183","https://openalex.org/W2237891656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885","https://openalex.org/W2298861036","https://openalex.org/W3148032049","https://openalex.org/W2271181815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Any":[0],"textbook":[1,211,1705],"on":[2,177,372,378,601,606,632,747,834,854,932,1001,1077,1085,1262,1299,1478,1563],"computational":[3,1707,1759,1818],"linguistics":[4,1708,1760,1765,1794],"today":[5],"must":[6,1213],"position":[7],"itself":[8,68],"relative":[9],"to":[10,109,131,159,225,277,374,548,580,656,664,701,765,895,958,1107,1118,1134,1155,1216,1228,1232,1241,1273,1297,1320,1404,1452,1577,1585,1588,1606,1657,1718,1735,1744,1789,1792,1812,1836],"Jurafsky":[11,70,151,293],"and":[12,21,27,31,45,48,53,65,71,152,166,183,207,252,294,318,347,362,367,377,444,459,463,484,588,624,681,690,699,720,750,753,788,805,845,863,940,967,973,992,1012,1015,1062,1178,1246,1280,1313,1345,1350,1369,1413,1590,1633,1681,1690,1724,1815,1832,1841],"Martin":[13,72,153,295],"(2009),":[14,296],"which,":[15],"by":[16,50,1053,1287,1649,1827,1833],"virtue":[17],"of":[18,112,116,239,249,254,263,289,292,357,360,391,426,439,453,456,465,471,487,508,514,521,526,591,599,611,635,669,672,682,716,732,758,769,802,812,815,840,856,864,874,877,910,925,945,956,971,982,1020,1022,1057,1080,1095,1140,1159,1193,1197,1205,1234,1277,1283,1301,1308,1342,1388,1434,1471,1510,1537,1560,1566,1568,1610,1640,1668,1747,1751,1778,1817],"its":[19,363,911,1511,1698],"depth":[20],"comprehensiveness,":[22],"is":[23,62,128,149,155,185,237,242,268,286,306,504,532,540,558,571,579,639,734,762,772,818,884,916,952,997,1091,1099,1103,1125,1152,1163,1334,1377,1391,1425,1446,1484,1488,1496,1521,1535,1546,1595,1687,1716,1732,1773,1781,1824],"the":[24,87,91,107,113,117,139,145,221,228,246,250,257,260,278,290,326,358,389,393,414,424,432,476,499,512,516,522,528,536,562,567,574,589,603,670,709,713,742,770,786,821,829,875,888,921,926,968,993,1032,1043,1078,1137,1148,1156,1160,1168,1195,1202,1206,1211,1260,1281,1302,1306,1309,1318,1328,1365,1383,1386,1393,1432,1466,1469,1473,1517,1538,1548,1558,1571,1608,1612,1615,1641,1644,1650,1679,1684,1721,1725,1748,1752,1775,1813,1849],"standard":[25],"introduction":[26,1739,1811,1823],"reference":[28],"for":[29,89,280,301,413,461,474,501,511,613,730,1187,1219,1427,1506,1519,1530,1541,1622,1660,1709,1728,1761],"speech":[30,361,1060,1263,1289],"language":[32,320,379,696,727,1512,1531,1542,1561,1587,1838],"processing.":[33],"Readers":[34],"without":[35,188,422,1711],"substantial":[36],"background":[37,98,190],"may":[38,55,652],"find":[39,209],"that":[40,186,410,543,556,573,620,629,778,872,887,903,914,1100,1337,1396,1486,1522,1688,1774],"book":[41,92,104,879,889,1599,1645,1845],"too":[42,1105],"demanding,":[43],"however,":[44,1804],"then":[46,541,735,1847],"Language":[47,64,182,1689],"Computers,":[49],"Dickinson,":[51],"Brew,":[52],"Meurers,":[54],"be":[56,196,420,654,881,901,1108,1181,1214,1271,1443,1453,1654,1848],"a":[57,124,174,189,210,273,302,307,310,469,481,485,545,550,593,608,647,666,798,838,908,953,998,1007,1017,1054,1081,1092,1120,1141,1188,1230,1250,1288,1335,1339,1408,1428,1435,1507,1598,1638,1661,1666,1673,1694,1712,1737,1741,1768,1802,1809,1821],"better":[58,1674],"choice.":[59,1851],"Roughly,":[60],"this":[61,214,651,684,707,878,904,933,1067,1112,1179,1253,1495,1520,1545,1659],"how":[63,227,316,373,683,700,957,1614,1791],"Computers":[66,184,1691],"distinguishes":[67],"from":[69,123,646,1042,1257,1264],"(2009):":[73],"1.":[74,1266],"It":[75,127,218,267,539,1162,1652,1696,1715],"does":[76,120],"not":[77,653,712,917,1132,1153,1547,1647],"presuppose":[78],"any":[79,1419],"computing":[80,192,1713,1769],"background.":[81,1714,1770],"More":[82],"specifically,":[83],"as":[84,147,792,807,809,1239,1503,1575,1626,1795],"stated":[85,542,1485],"in":[86,135,181,191,201,213,245,323,365,535,774,782,825,828,947,961,976,987,1035,1111,1123,1221,1431,1455,1465,1492,1597,1643,1701,1706,1758,1764,1830],"Overview":[88,279],"Instructors,":[90],"assumes":[93],"\u201cno":[94],"mathematical":[95],"or":[96,400,627,676,1406,1676],"linguistic":[97,160],"beyond":[99],"normal":[100],"high-school":[101],"experience.\u201d":[102],"The":[103,179,383,447,490,637,794,832,848,1097,1116],"certainly":[105,1489],"has":[106,298,685,890,1006,1401,1525],"ambition":[108,1117,1743],"explain":[110,1119,1745],"some":[111,243,929,988,1030,1073,1358,1555,1746],"inner":[114,714,1749],"workings":[115,1750],"technology,":[118],"but":[119,256,417,820,898,1088,1127,1190,1218,1440,1730],"so":[121,396,891,1634,1842],"starting":[122,163],"general":[125,1738],"level.2.":[126],"structured":[129,157,212,857],"according":[130,158,276],"major":[132,348],"applications":[133,258,1220,1722,1814],"(treated":[134],"six":[136],"chapters),":[137],"with":[138,164,173,198,205,309,315,494,530,561,607,679,695,738,780,942,963,1026,1382,1740],"theoretical":[140,1013,1157,1346,1682],"material":[141,300,409,893,1076,1150],"being":[142,1200,1395,1702],"introduced":[143],"along":[144],"way":[146,215,1192],"it":[148,285,570,659,883,899,915,1146,1223,1269,1483,1604,1731],"needed.":[150],"(2009)":[154],"instead":[156,1089],"description":[161,356,470,610,801,839,955,1056,1094],"levels,":[162],"words":[165],"gradually":[167],"proceeding":[168],"through":[169],"higher":[170],"levels":[171],"(albeit":[172],"final":[175,1329,1550],"part":[176,449,492],"applications).":[178],"idea":[180],"readers":[187,876],"will":[193,208,880],"at":[194,272,1201,1305,1468],"least":[195],"familiar":[197],"real-world":[199],"tasks":[200],"which":[202,297,418,437,1449],"computers":[203,1583],"deal":[204,779],"language,":[206],"more":[216,826,1444,1527],"accessible.":[217],"also":[219,754,850,1164,1293,1378,1462,1602,1807,1825],"gives":[220,744,1016,1338],"authors":[222,1169,1212],"an":[223,451,506,554,810,918,943,1037,1198,1275,1295,1389,1504,1703,1755,1796],"opportunity":[224,1296],"show":[226],"underlying":[229,1616],"techniques":[230,619,1617],"recur":[231,1618],"across":[232,1619],"different":[233,454,1251],"applications.3.":[234],"Its":[235],"topic":[236,757,905],"processing":[238],"text.":[240],"There":[241],"discussion":[244],"first":[247,433,448,505],"chapter":[248,604,771,849,927,1005,1033,1254,1336,1551],"nature":[251,359],"representation":[253,364],"speech,":[255],"(with":[259],"possible":[261,1717],"exception":[262],"dialogue)":[264],"are":[265,321,330,350,723,823,985,1353,1373,1461,1646],"text-oriented.4.":[266],"introductory,":[269],"typically":[270,1285,1524],"aimed":[271],"quarter-length":[274],"course":[275,1757],"Instructors.":[281],"At":[282,566],"232":[283],"pages,":[284],"about":[287,586],"one-quarter":[288],"length":[291],"enough":[299],"full-year":[303],"course.Chapter":[304],"1":[305],"prologue":[308],"refreshingly":[311],"broad":[312,1822],"perspective,":[313],"dealing":[314],"written":[317],"spoken":[319,1039],"represented":[322],"computers.":[324],"First,":[325],"basic":[327,1138],"writing":[328],"systems":[329,698],"described:":[331],"alphabetical":[332],"(roughly,":[333,338,343],"one":[334,339,344,399,576,643,1070,1300,1418,1536],"character\u2013one":[335,340,345],"phoneme),":[336],"syllabic":[337],"syllable),":[341],"logographic":[342],"morpheme/word),":[346],"encodings":[349],"addressed":[351],"(in":[352],"particular,":[353],"Unicode).":[354],"A":[355],"waveforms":[366],"spectrograms":[368,376],"follows,":[369],"including":[370],"sections":[371,386,777,853],"read":[375],"modeling":[380],"using":[381,860,1175],"n-grams.":[382],"two":[384,401,440,775,980],"latter":[385],"come":[387],"under":[388],"heading":[390],"\u201cUnder":[392,1472],"Hood.\u201d":[394],"Sections":[395],"headed":[397],"(typically,":[398],"per":[402],"chapter)":[403],"provide":[404,411],"digressions":[405],"into":[406],"selected":[407,1727],"technical":[408],"bonuses":[412],"interested":[415],"reader,":[416],"can":[419,577,1180],"omitted":[421],"losing":[423],"gist":[425],"each":[427,1021],"chapter.Chapter":[428],"2":[429],"brings":[430,936,1326,1553],"up":[431,937,1259,1327,1554],"application,":[434,1330],"\u201cWriter's":[435],"Aids,\u201d":[436],"consists":[438],"parts:":[441],"checking":[442,445],"spelling":[443,457],"grammar.":[446],"includes":[450,928],"overview":[452,811,944],"kinds":[455],"errors,":[458,752],"methods":[460,612,1816],"detection":[462],"correction":[464],"errors.":[466,615],"These":[467,616],"include":[468,617],"dynamic":[472],"programming":[473],"calculating":[475],"minimum":[477],"edit":[478],"distance":[479],"between":[480,1010,1678],"misspelled":[482],"word":[483,1360],"set":[486,498],"candidate":[488],"corrections.":[489],"second":[491],"deals":[493,694,1025],"grammar":[495,510,582,622,648,657],"checking.":[496],"To":[497,706],"scene":[500],"this,":[502,602,979,1601],"there":[503,951,996,1090],"exposition":[507],"context-free":[509,674],"purpose":[513,1699],"specifying":[515],"norm":[517],"(the":[518],"well-formed":[519],"sentences)":[520],"language.":[523],"(The":[524],"possibility":[525,671,1387],"enriching":[527],"formalism":[529],"features":[531],"mentioned":[533,1304,1463],"later":[534,1464],"same":[537,568],"chapter.)":[538],"\u201c[w]hen":[544],"parser":[546],"fails":[547],"parse":[549],"sentence,":[551],"we":[552],"have":[553,661,665,1225,1229,1274,1417,1450,1671],"indication":[555],"something":[557],"grammatically":[559],"wrong":[560],"sentence\u201d":[563],"(page":[564,1114,1208,1323,1411,1422,1476],"58).":[565],"time,":[569],"recognized":[572],"most":[575],"do":[578],"build":[581,1407],"fragments.":[583],"So":[584],"what":[585,642,1441],"undergeneration,":[587],"challenges":[590],"maintaining":[592],"large,":[594],"manually":[595],"encoded":[596],"grammar?":[597],"Instead":[598],"elaborating":[600],"goes":[605],"brief":[609,852],"correcting":[614],"relaxation-based":[618],"discharge":[621],"rules,":[623],"special-purpose":[625],"rules":[626,675],"n-grams":[628],"trigger":[630],"directly":[631],"erroneous":[633],"sequences":[634],"words.":[636],"reader":[638,1613],"left":[640],"wondering":[641],"could":[644,900,1670],"expect":[645,1072],"fragment.":[649],"Although":[650,1494],"relevant":[655,1445],"checking,":[658],"would":[660,906,1071,1224,1255,1292,1653,1846],"been":[662,1226],"instructive":[663,1272],"mention":[667],"somewhere":[668],"augmenting":[673],"other":[677,1203],"formalisms":[678],"probabilities,":[680],"affected":[686],"wide-coverage":[687],"parsing":[688,722],"Clark":[689],"Curran":[691],"(2007).Chapter":[692],"3":[693],"tutoring":[697,728],"make":[702],"them":[703],"linguistically":[704],"aware.":[705],"end,":[708],"concepts":[710,946],"(but":[711],"workings)":[715],"tokenization,":[717],"part-of-speech":[718,1628],"tagging,":[719,1629],"syntactic":[721],"described.":[724],"An":[725],"example":[726,1038],"system":[729,743,1083,1122,1574],"learners":[731],"Portuguese":[733],"addressed.":[736,1379],"Compared":[737],"traditional":[739],"workbook":[740],"exercises,":[741],"immediate":[745],"feedback":[746],"orthographic,":[748],"syntactic,":[749],"semantic":[751],"contains":[755,797,837,851],"audio.The":[756],"Chapter":[759,1265],"4,":[760],"\u201cSearching,\u201d":[761],"mainly":[763],"related":[764,894,969],"information":[766],"retrieval.":[767],"Most":[768],"contained":[773],"comprehensive":[776],"searching":[781,855],"unstructured":[783],"data":[784,790,836,858,1529],"(typically":[785],"Web)":[787],"semi-structured":[789,835],"(such":[791],"Wikipedia).":[793],"former":[795],"section":[796,833,924,1000],"relatively":[799],"detailed":[800,954,1093],"search":[803,816],"engines":[804],"PageRank,":[806],"well":[808,1174,1700],"HTML.":[813],"Evaluation":[814],"results":[817],"mentioned,":[819],"measures":[822,970],"described":[824,986],"detail":[827,1036],"next":[830],"chapter.":[831,1161],"regular":[841],"expressions,":[842],"Unix":[843],"grep,":[844],"finite-state":[846],"automata.":[847],"(databases,":[859],"Boolean":[861],"expressions)":[862],"text":[865,909],"corpora":[866],"(mainly":[867],"discussing":[868],"corpus":[869,896,1782],"annotation).":[870],"Given":[871],"many":[873,1636],"linguists,":[882],"perhaps":[885],"surprising":[886],"little":[892],"linguistics,":[897,1783,1831],"argued":[902],"require":[907],"own":[912],"(and":[913],"\u201capplication\u201d).":[919],"Anyway,":[920],"\u201cFurther":[922],"Reading\u201d":[923],"good":[930,1008,1018,1340,1593,1734],"suggestions":[931],"topic.Chapter":[934],"5":[935],"document":[938,983],"classification,":[939,962],"begins":[941],"machine":[948,1331],"learning.":[949],"Then":[950],"measure":[959],"success":[960],"precision/recall,":[964],"true/false":[965],"positives/negatives,":[966],"sensitivity":[972],"specificity":[974],"used":[975],"medicine.":[977],"After":[978,1029,1066],"examples":[981],"classifiers":[984],"detail:":[989],"naive":[990],"Bayes":[991],"perceptron.":[994],"Finally,":[995],"short":[999],"sentiment":[1002],"analysis.":[1003],"This":[1004,1291,1333,1424,1844],"balance":[1009,1675],"applications-oriented":[1011,1149,1344,1680],"material,":[1014,1683],"grasp":[1019,1341],"them.Chapter":[1023],"6":[1024],"dialogue":[1027,1040,1058,1082],"systems.":[1028],"motivation,":[1031],"examines":[1034],"transcript":[1041],"Carnegie":[1044],"Mellon":[1045],"University":[1046],"Let's":[1047],"Go!":[1048],"Bus":[1049],"Information":[1050],"System,":[1051],"followed":[1052],"thorough":[1055],"moves,":[1059],"acts,":[1061],"Grice's":[1063],"conversational":[1064],"maxims.":[1065],"ambitious":[1068],"background,":[1069,1359],"(even":[1074],"superficial)":[1075],"anatomy":[1079],"founded":[1084],"these":[1086,1779],"principles,":[1087],"Eliza.":[1096],"motivation":[1098],"\u201c[Let's":[1101],"Go!]":[1102],"\u2026":[1104],"complicated":[1106],"explained":[1109],"fully":[1110,1436],"textbook\u201d":[1113],"167).":[1115],"working":[1121],"full":[1124],"admirable,":[1126],"seems":[1128],"misdirected":[1129],"here.":[1130],"Why":[1131],"try":[1133],"work":[1135],"out":[1136],"principles":[1139,1233],"simpler":[1142],"question-answering":[1143],"system?":[1144],"As":[1145],"stands,":[1147],"(Eliza)":[1151],"connected":[1154],"parts":[1158],"potentially":[1165],"misleading":[1166],"when":[1167,1582],"say:":[1170],"\u201c[Eliza]":[1171],"works":[1172],"reasonably":[1173],"simple":[1176],"means,":[1177],"useful":[1182],"if":[1183],"your":[1184],"application":[1185],"calls":[1186],"straightforward":[1189],"limited":[1191],"creating":[1194],"illusion":[1196],"intelligent":[1199],"end":[1204,1470],"wire\u201d":[1207],"170).":[1209],"Here,":[1210],"referring":[1215],"chatbots,":[1217],"general,":[1222],"valuable":[1227],"pointer":[1231],"user":[1235],"interface":[1236],"design,":[1237],"such":[1238,1625],"trying":[1240],"maintain":[1242],"consistency":[1243],"Cohen,":[1244],"Giangola,":[1245],"Balogh":[1247],"(2004).":[1248],"On":[1249],"note,":[1252],"profit":[1256],"picking":[1258],"thread":[1261],"For":[1267],"example,":[1268],"might":[1270,1442],"explanation":[1276],"word-error":[1278],"rate":[1279],"degradation":[1282],"input":[1284],"caused":[1286],"recognizer.":[1290],"give":[1294],"elaborate":[1298],"problems":[1303],"outset":[1307],"chapter:":[1310],"\u201c[f]ixing":[1311],"confusions":[1312],"misunderstandings":[1314],"before":[1315],"they":[1316,1787,1806],"cause":[1317],"conversation":[1319],"break":[1321],"down\u201d":[1322],"154).Chapter":[1324],"7":[1325],"translation.":[1332],"both":[1343,1720],"material.":[1347],"Example-based":[1348],"translation":[1349,1351,1372,1376,1384],"memories":[1352],"briefly":[1354],"discussed,":[1355,1392],"and,":[1356],"after":[1357],"alignment,":[1361],"IBM":[1362],"Model":[1363],"1,":[1364],"noisy":[1366],"channel":[1367],"model,":[1368],"phrase-based":[1370,1479],"statistical":[1371,1480],"explained.":[1374],"Commercial":[1375],"In":[1380],"connection":[1381,1677],"triangle,":[1385],"interlingua":[1390,1430,1491,1505],"conclusion":[1394],"\u201c[d]espite":[1397],"great":[1398],"efforts,":[1399],"nobody":[1400],"ever":[1402],"managed":[1403],"design":[1405],"suitable":[1409],"interlingua\u201d":[1410],"189)":[1412],"\u201cwe":[1414],"probably":[1415],"cannot":[1416],"time":[1420],"soon\u201d":[1421],"190).":[1423],"true":[1426],"universal":[1429],"sense":[1433],"abstract":[1437],"language-independent":[1438],"representation,":[1439],"domain-specific":[1447],"interlinguas,":[1448],"proved":[1451],"feasible":[1454],"recent":[1456],"years":[1457],"Ranta":[1458,1514],"(2011).":[1459],"Interlinguas":[1460],"chapter,":[1467],"Hood":[1474],"12\u201d":[1475],"205)":[1477],"translation,":[1481],"where":[1482,1533,1544,1805],"\u201c[t]here":[1487],"no":[1490],"sight.\u201d":[1493],"different,":[1497],"Google":[1498,1523],"Translate":[1499],"actually":[1500],"uses":[1501],"English":[1502,1534],"large":[1508],"majority":[1509],"pairs":[1513,1532,1543],"(2010).":[1515],"Surely,":[1516],"reason":[1518],"much":[1526],"parallel":[1528],"members":[1539],"than":[1540],"case.The":[1549],"(\u201cEpilogue\u201d)":[1552],"philosophical":[1556],"questions:":[1557],"impact":[1559],"technology":[1562],"society":[1564],"(effects":[1565],"automatization":[1567],"natural-language":[1569],"tasks),":[1570],"human":[1572,1580],"communication":[1573],"opposed":[1576],"animal":[1578],"communication,":[1579],"self-perception":[1581],"begin":[1584],"use":[1586],"interact,":[1589],"ethical":[1591],"considerations.A":[1592],"index":[1594],"crucial":[1596],"like":[1600],"because":[1603],"helps":[1605],"fulfill":[1607],"aim":[1609],"showing":[1611],"applications.":[1620],"However,":[1621],"numerous":[1623],"terms":[1624],"n-gram,":[1627],"parsing,":[1630],"supervised":[1631],"learning,":[1632],"forth,":[1635],"(sometimes":[1637],"majority)":[1639],"occurrences":[1642],"covered":[1648],"index.":[1651],"highly":[1655],"desirable":[1656],"improve":[1658],"future":[1662],"edition.In":[1663],"sum,":[1664],"although":[1665],"couple":[1667],"chapters":[1669],"had":[1672],"overall":[1685],"impression":[1686],"successfully":[1692],"fills":[1693],"niche:":[1695],"serves":[1697],"introductory":[1704,1756],"people":[1710],"debate":[1719],"chosen":[1723],"theory":[1726],"presentation,":[1729],"nonetheless":[1733],"see":[1736],"clear":[1742],"technology.I":[1753],"teach":[1754],"Master's":[1762],"students":[1763,1780,1829],"who":[1766],"lack":[1767],"My":[1771],"experience":[1772],"primary":[1776],"need":[1777,1788,1808],"because,":[1784],"above":[1785],"all,":[1786],"learn":[1790],"practice":[1793],"empirical":[1797],"science.":[1798],"They":[1799],"soon":[1800],"reach":[1801],"point,":[1803],"broader":[1810],"linguistics.":[1819],"Such":[1820],"needed":[1826],"Bachelor's":[1828],"those":[1834],"studying":[1835],"become":[1837],"consultants,":[1839],"translators,":[1840],"on.":[1843],"natural":[1850]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2022-03-05T00:00:00"}