{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163504421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00476","title":"Certified Robustness to Text Adversarial Attacks by Randomized [MASK]","display_name":"Certified Robustness to Text Adversarial Attacks by Randomized [MASK]","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163504421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00476","mag":"3163504421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00476","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/coli_a_00476/2075491/coli_a_00476.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/coli_a_00476/2075491/coli_a_00476.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039957347","display_name":"Jiehang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9805-0799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiehang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, School of Computer Science. jhzeng18@fudan.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, School of Computer Science. jhzeng18@fudan.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045856823","display_name":"Jianhan Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianhan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, School of Computer Science. jianhanxu20@fudan.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, School of Computer Science. jianhanxu20@fudan.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101002645","display_name":"Xiaoqing Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqing Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, School of Computer Science. zhengxq@fudan.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, School of Computer Science. zhengxq@fudan.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111113722","display_name":"Xuanjing Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuanjing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, School of Computer Science. xjhuang@fudan.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, School of Computer Science. xjhuang@fudan.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039957347","https://openalex.org/A5045856823","https://openalex.org/A5101002645","https://openalex.org/A5111113722"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4618,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97729404,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"2","first_page":"395","last_page":"427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8296232223510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6952652931213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6155553460121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.5524642467498779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authorship-attribution","display_name":"Authorship attribution","score":0.5396926403045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4958685338497162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synonym","display_name":"Synonym (taxonomy)","score":0.47509872913360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3435748815536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33288517594337463}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8296232223510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6952652931213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6155553460121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.5524642467498779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020202489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2032038","display_name":"Authorship attribution","level":2,"score":0.5396926403045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4958685338497162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173483453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1040689","display_name":"Synonym (taxonomy)","level":3,"score":0.47509872913360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3435748815536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33288517594337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157369684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34740","display_name":"Genus","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00476","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/coli_a_00476/2075491/coli_a_00476.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2016a4b403e9404c853baf451a9eaf64","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2016a4b403e9404c853baf451a9eaf64","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 49, Iss 2 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00476","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/coli_a_00476/2075491/coli_a_00476.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G296198563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021SHZDZX0103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3612180917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3163504421.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1840435438","https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2113459411","https://openalex.org/W2137591261","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251939518","https://openalex.org/W2609368435","https://openalex.org/W2735135478","https://openalex.org/W2772621923","https://openalex.org/W2785699986","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2798384383","https://openalex.org/W2799007037","https://openalex.org/W2799194071","https://openalex.org/W2803392236","https://openalex.org/W2898963688","https://openalex.org/W2905526464","https://openalex.org/W2908510526","https://openalex.org/W2911634294","https://openalex.org/W2926587947","https://openalex.org/W2930957955","https://openalex.org/W2947251152","https://openalex.org/W2947469743","https://openalex.org/W2949128310","https://openalex.org/W2962713901","https://openalex.org/W2962718684","https://openalex.org/W2962782614","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963012544","https://openalex.org/W2963083752","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963263347","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963859254","https://openalex.org/W2963952467","https://openalex.org/W2963969878","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W2964253222","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2969442125","https://openalex.org/W2970078867","https://openalex.org/W2970115835","https://openalex.org/W2970255644","https://openalex.org/W2970449623","https://openalex.org/W2982756474","https://openalex.org/W2988194011","https://openalex.org/W2995368830","https://openalex.org/W2996851481","https://openalex.org/W2998277219","https://openalex.org/W2998293245","https://openalex.org/W3006647218","https://openalex.org/W3013371788","https://openalex.org/W3013520104","https://openalex.org/W3035164976","https://openalex.org/W3035422387","https://openalex.org/W3035736465","https://openalex.org/W3035897475","https://openalex.org/W3037085720","https://openalex.org/W3093419064","https://openalex.org/W3101449015","https://openalex.org/W3102564617","https://openalex.org/W3102836375","https://openalex.org/W3104254968","https://openalex.org/W3104570147","https://openalex.org/W3105604018","https://openalex.org/W3109447255","https://openalex.org/W3117433489","https://openalex.org/W3120061794","https://openalex.org/W3176648901","https://openalex.org/W3197868468","https://openalex.org/W3200185163","https://openalex.org/W4297792735","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6691459498","https://openalex.org/W6726497184","https://openalex.org/W6730161283","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6741419198","https://openalex.org/W6745847742","https://openalex.org/W6746565239","https://openalex.org/W6748170409","https://openalex.org/W6750666716","https://openalex.org/W6751715430","https://openalex.org/W6752083044","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6755480234","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6758684365","https://openalex.org/W6761839128","https://openalex.org/W6763367835","https://openalex.org/W6765298545","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6768492035","https://openalex.org/W6771748797","https://openalex.org/W6773944720","https://openalex.org/W6784459621","https://openalex.org/W6785784969","https://openalex.org/W6788272337"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315780078","https://openalex.org/W4225161019","https://openalex.org/W4285172692","https://openalex.org/W4312326921","https://openalex.org/W3085383590","https://openalex.org/W4311734044","https://openalex.org/W3046843850","https://openalex.org/W4386716251","https://openalex.org/W4379258830","https://openalex.org/W4312091302"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Very":[1],"recently,":[2],"few":[3],"certified":[4,27],"defense":[5,28,57,137],"methods":[6,29,138],"have":[7,34],"been":[8,35],"developed":[9],"to":[10,19,107,110],"provably":[11],"guarantee":[12],"the":[13,25,32,39,66,74,100],"robustness":[14],"of":[15,37,65,102,105,113],"a":[16,46,54,62],"text":[17],"classifier":[18],"adversarial":[20],"synonym":[21],"substitutions.":[22],"However,":[23],"all":[24],"existing":[26],"assume":[30],"that":[31,128],"defenders":[33],"informed":[36],"how":[38],"adversaries":[40],"generate":[41],"synonyms,":[42],"which":[43,73],"is":[44,78],"not":[45,88],"realistic":[47],"scenario.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"study,":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53],"certifiably":[55],"robust":[56,109],"method":[58,84,132],"by":[59],"randomly":[60],"masking":[61],"certain":[63],"proportion":[64],"words":[67,115,120],"in":[68,72],"an":[69],"input":[70],"text,":[71],"above":[75],"unrealistic":[76],"assumption":[77],"no":[79],"longer":[80],"necessary.":[81],"The":[82,124],"proposed":[83,136],"can":[85,98],"defend":[86],"against":[87],"only":[89],"word":[90],"substitution-based":[91],"attacks,":[92],"but":[93],"also":[94],"character-level":[95],"perturbations.":[96],"We":[97],"certify":[99],"classifications":[101],"over":[103],"50%":[104],"texts":[106],"be":[108],"any":[111],"perturbation":[112],"five":[114],"on":[116,121],"AGNEWS,":[117],"and":[118],"two":[119],"SST2":[122],"dataset.":[123],"experimental":[125],"results":[126],"show":[127],"our":[129],"randomized":[130],"smoothing":[131],"significantly":[133],"outperforms":[134],"recently":[135],"across":[139],"multiple":[140],"datasets":[141],"under":[142],"different":[143],"attack":[144],"algorithms.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-11T18:08:03.149640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}