{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945975900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00401","title":"Approximating Probabilistic Models as Weighted Finite Automata","display_name":"Approximating Probabilistic Models as Weighted Finite Automata","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945975900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00401","mag":"2945975900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00401","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/47/2/221/1930988/coli_a_00401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/47/2/221/1930988/coli_a_00401.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103890688","display_name":"Ananda Theertha Suresh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ananda Theertha Suresh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research. theertha@google.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research. theertha@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020068498","display_name":"Brian Roark","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Roark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research. roark@google.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research. roark@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014137885","display_name":"Michael Riley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9449-025X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Riley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research. riley@google.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research. riley@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080091001","display_name":"Vlad Schogol","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vlad Schogol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research. vlads@google.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research. vlads@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103890688"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1399,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51194513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7705091238021851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6383380889892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-automaton","display_name":"Probabilistic automaton","score":0.6069726347923279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.5256097316741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-finite-automata","display_name":"Quantum finite automata","score":0.5200928449630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47314703464508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state-machine","display_name":"Finite-state machine","score":0.4686538279056549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.4474680721759796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.44708213210105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4364716708660126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.4296090602874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.41808032989501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3310502767562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2998148500919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automata-theory","display_name":"Automata theory","score":0.2401968240737915}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7705091238021851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6383380889892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174784677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176567","display_name":"Probabilistic automaton","level":3,"score":0.6069726347923279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5256097316741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174327141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176837","display_name":"Quantum finite automata","level":4,"score":0.5200928449630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47314703464508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.4686538279056549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.4474680721759796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.44708213210105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4364716708660126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.4296090602874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.41808032989501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3310502767562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2998148500919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116248031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214526","display_name":"Automata theory","level":3,"score":0.2401968240737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00401","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/47/2/221/1930988/coli_a_00401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1905.08701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.08701","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.08701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2945975900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.08701.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8e316cf7fcdd4ed29b9d0947f464f413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8e316cf7fcdd4ed29b9d0947f464f413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 47, Iss 2, Pp 221-254 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.08701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.08701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00401","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/47/2/221/1930988/coli_a_00401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22168010","https://openalex.org/W62305045","https://openalex.org/W81972919","https://openalex.org/W104573924","https://openalex.org/W138349765","https://openalex.org/W142858687","https://openalex.org/W164910094","https://openalex.org/W1486103693","https://openalex.org/W1585876329","https://openalex.org/W1607995248","https://openalex.org/W1797288984","https://openalex.org/W1818782312","https://openalex.org/W1895481600","https://openalex.org/W1969005071","https://openalex.org/W1982370770","https://openalex.org/W1988857989","https://openalex.org/W1989445634","https://openalex.org/W1993557076","https://openalex.org/W2009570821","https://openalex.org/W2013714680","https://openalex.org/W2017603160","https://openalex.org/W2037942319","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2082863623","https://openalex.org/W2099964107","https://openalex.org/W2103085228","https://openalex.org/W2110415041","https://openalex.org/W2114575161","https://openalex.org/W2118990292","https://openalex.org/W2119067110","https://openalex.org/W2125528794","https://openalex.org/W2134237567","https://openalex.org/W2140756703","https://openalex.org/W2142148616","https://openalex.org/W2154932389","https://openalex.org/W2158195707","https://openalex.org/W2163489213","https://openalex.org/W2166197284","https://openalex.org/W2171842071","https://openalex.org/W2295078202","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2535838896","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2605710880","https://openalex.org/W2746762542","https://openalex.org/W2810821719","https://openalex.org/W2900120080","https://openalex.org/W2963125544","https://openalex.org/W2970738355","https://openalex.org/W2980470892","https://openalex.org/W2980576249","https://openalex.org/W2985986882","https://openalex.org/W2997095483"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3140224754","https://openalex.org/W2066539191","https://openalex.org/W1853447346","https://openalex.org/W2460880447","https://openalex.org/W2006988199","https://openalex.org/W2963824800","https://openalex.org/W780350140","https://openalex.org/W2558808541","https://openalex.org/W2066596657","https://openalex.org/W2077904203","https://openalex.org/W2433350887","https://openalex.org/W2952123276","https://openalex.org/W119652320","https://openalex.org/W2528141341","https://openalex.org/W2077315776","https://openalex.org/W2619042136","https://openalex.org/W2097826433","https://openalex.org/W1753658588","https://openalex.org/W3200863653","https://openalex.org/W2563338646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Weighted":[1],"finite":[2],"automata":[3],"(WFAs)":[4],"are":[5,22,131],"often":[6],"used":[7,127],"to":[8,34,57],"represent":[9],"probabilistic":[10,32,49],"models,":[11,16,115,119],"such":[12,63],"as":[13,37,60],"ngram":[14],"language":[15,118],"because":[17],"among":[18],"other":[19],"things,":[20],"they":[21],"efficient":[23],"for":[24,128],"recognition":[25],"tasks":[26],"in":[27,43,133],"time":[28],"and":[29,72,86,120],"space.":[30],"The":[31,79,125],"source":[33,70],"be":[35,97],"represented":[36],"a":[38,47,61,83,87],"WFA,":[39],"however,":[40],"may":[41],"come":[42],"many":[44],"forms.":[45],"Given":[46],"generic":[48],"model":[50,71,76],"over":[51],"sequences,":[52],"we":[53],"propose":[54],"an":[55,134],"algorithm":[56,81],"approximate":[58],"it":[59],"WFA":[62,74],"that":[64],"the":[65,69,73,101],"Kullback-Leibler":[66],"divergence":[67],"between":[68],"target":[75],"is":[77],"minimized.":[78],"proposed":[80],"involves":[82],"counting":[84],"step":[85],"difference":[88],"of":[89,94,103],"convex":[90],"optimization":[91],"step,":[92],"both":[93],"which":[95],"can":[96],"performed":[98],"efficiently.We":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"usefulness":[102],"our":[104],"approach":[105],"on":[106],"various":[107],"tasks,":[108],"including":[109],"distilling":[110],"n-gram":[111],"models":[112],"from":[113],"neural":[114],"building":[116,121],"compact":[117],"open-vocabulary":[122],"character":[123],"models.":[124],"algorithms":[126],"these":[129],"experiments":[130],"available":[132],"open-source":[135],"software":[136],"library.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
