{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135135661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00394","title":"Formal Basis of a Language Universal","display_name":"Formal Basis of a Language Universal","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135135661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00394","mag":"3135135661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00394","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/47/1/9/1911502/coli_a_00394.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/47/1/9/1911502/coli_a_00394.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074399519","display_name":"Milo\u0161 Stanojevi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8100-9864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Milo\u0161 Stanojevi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics. m.stanojevic@ed.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics. m.stanojevic@ed.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055023881","display_name":"Mark Steedman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2509-0797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark Steedman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics. steedman@inf.ed.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics. steedman@inf.ed.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055023881","https://openalex.org/A5074399519"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5597,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72114746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"1","first_page":"9","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6383862495422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5940424203872681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5692746639251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-space","display_name":"Separable space","score":0.565161406993866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.43509265780448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-grammar","display_name":"Formal grammar","score":0.43495672941207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36467790603637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.34692972898483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29343611001968384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6383862495422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5940424203872681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5692746639251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70710897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081","display_name":"Separable space","level":2,"score":0.565161406993866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.43509265780448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171553443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373045","display_name":"Formal grammar","level":3,"score":0.43495672941207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36467790603637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.34692972898483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29343611001968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00394","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/47/1/9/1911502/coli_a_00394.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/59d71f5a-c809-4d4b-9f13-234daa6b56b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/59d71f5a-c809-4d4b-9f13-234daa6b56b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Stanojevic, M & Steedman, M 2021, 'Formal Basis of a Language Universal', Computational Linguistics, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 9-42. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00394","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:df4596296cf34265940b667cc74fd162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/df4596296cf34265940b667cc74fd162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 47, Iss 1, Pp 9-42 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/59d71f5a-c809-4d4b-9f13-234daa6b56b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/59d71f5a-c809-4d4b-9f13-234daa6b56b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00394","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/47/1/9/1911502/coli_a_00394.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135135661.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135135661.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W204109291","https://openalex.org/W352206829","https://openalex.org/W437614426","https://openalex.org/W566957282","https://openalex.org/W591353820","https://openalex.org/W596393351","https://openalex.org/W612581052","https://openalex.org/W624243374","https://openalex.org/W634847655","https://openalex.org/W656252172","https://openalex.org/W798997126","https://openalex.org/W1497441877","https://openalex.org/W1508382620","https://openalex.org/W1533545536","https://openalex.org/W1541539112","https://openalex.org/W1557301394","https://openalex.org/W1562687567","https://openalex.org/W1567277581","https://openalex.org/W1577541558","https://openalex.org/W1582911418","https://openalex.org/W1593832072","https://openalex.org/W1970047378","https://openalex.org/W1981445325","https://openalex.org/W1982502281","https://openalex.org/W1983066040","https://openalex.org/W1990332175","https://openalex.org/W1993449345","https://openalex.org/W1996672843","https://openalex.org/W1996955200","https://openalex.org/W2007176798","https://openalex.org/W2020890397","https://openalex.org/W2020978224","https://openalex.org/W2060679573","https://openalex.org/W2068018507","https://openalex.org/W2083354900","https://openalex.org/W2086915432","https://openalex.org/W2101793943","https://openalex.org/W2108227097","https://openalex.org/W2110866595","https://openalex.org/W2120438065","https://openalex.org/W2125799830","https://openalex.org/W2129036921","https://openalex.org/W2131504185","https://openalex.org/W2138905080","https://openalex.org/W2146418175","https://openalex.org/W2182947968","https://openalex.org/W2192798094","https://openalex.org/W2209787395","https://openalex.org/W2250960671","https://openalex.org/W2469987217","https://openalex.org/W2488377813","https://openalex.org/W2489306274","https://openalex.org/W2510893356","https://openalex.org/W2521461670","https://openalex.org/W2607403128","https://openalex.org/W2612403005","https://openalex.org/W2694849690","https://openalex.org/W2711432405","https://openalex.org/W2766620016","https://openalex.org/W2790108233","https://openalex.org/W2790446975","https://openalex.org/W2793235565","https://openalex.org/W2887918907","https://openalex.org/W2901579751","https://openalex.org/W2913184320","https://openalex.org/W2963794306","https://openalex.org/W3089146968","https://openalex.org/W4205517997","https://openalex.org/W4210681882","https://openalex.org/W4229781645","https://openalex.org/W4230570536","https://openalex.org/W4238432060","https://openalex.org/W4238646738","https://openalex.org/W4240437264","https://openalex.org/W4242215473","https://openalex.org/W4251432426","https://openalex.org/W4251531106","https://openalex.org/W4252066634","https://openalex.org/W6612485274","https://openalex.org/W6618701423","https://openalex.org/W6629759548","https://openalex.org/W6633084002","https://openalex.org/W6634228073","https://openalex.org/W6634778930","https://openalex.org/W6639511449","https://openalex.org/W6648010470","https://openalex.org/W6655723694","https://openalex.org/W6675265975","https://openalex.org/W6678820088","https://openalex.org/W6678984557","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6686154794","https://openalex.org/W6720729283","https://openalex.org/W6740303979","https://openalex.org/W6744569025","https://openalex.org/W6744582117","https://openalex.org/W6756085786","https://openalex.org/W6758591183","https://openalex.org/W6904840963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032082745","https://openalex.org/W123468065","https://openalex.org/W2163571267","https://openalex.org/W618024589","https://openalex.org/W2094508561","https://openalex.org/W2395103808","https://openalex.org/W2040159755","https://openalex.org/W2107193634","https://openalex.org/W2395233645","https://openalex.org/W1548146869"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Steedman":[1],"(2020)":[2],"proposes":[3],"as":[4,36,102,134],"a":[5,28,69],"formal":[6],"universal":[7],"of":[8,15,42,71,73,86,96,119,126,148,163],"natural":[9],"language":[10],"grammar":[11],"that":[12,18,48,88,109],"grammatical":[13],"permutations":[14,43,60,87],"the":[16,37,46,93,100,103,116,143,152,161],"kind":[17],"have":[19],"given":[20],"rise":[21],"to":[22,27,31,65],"transformational":[23],"rules":[24],"are":[25,89],"limited":[26],"class":[29,41,47],"known":[30],"mathematicians":[32],"and":[33,81,136,145,151],"computer":[34],"scientists":[35],"\u201cseparable\u201d":[38],"permutations.":[39],"This":[40],"is":[44,124,155],"exactly":[45,156],"can":[49],"be":[50,66],"expressed":[51],"in":[52,62,68,76,79,92,99,158],"combinatory":[53],"categorial":[54],"grammars":[55],"(CCGs).":[56],"The":[57,84,139],"excluded":[58],"non-separable":[59],"do":[61],"fact":[63],"seem":[64],"absent":[67],"number":[70,85,94,110,118],"studies":[72],"crosslinguistic":[74],"variation":[75],"word":[77],"order":[78],"nominal":[80],"verbal":[82],"constructions.":[83],"separable":[90],"grows":[91,111],"n":[95],"lexical":[97],"elements":[98],"construction":[101],"Large":[104],"Schr\u00f6der":[105],"Number":[106],"Sn\u22121.":[107],"Because":[108],"much":[112],"more":[113],"slowly":[114],"than":[115],"n!":[117],"all":[120],"permutations,":[121],"this":[122,149],"generalization":[123],"also":[125],"considerable":[127],"practical":[128],"interest":[129],"for":[130],"computational":[131,146],"applications":[132],"such":[133],"parsing":[135],"machine":[137],"translation.":[138],"present":[140],"article":[141],"examines":[142],"mathematical":[144],"origins":[147],"restriction,":[150],"reason":[153],"it":[154],"captured":[157],"CCG":[159],"without":[160],"imposition":[162],"any":[164],"further":[165],"constraints.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
