{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3042773224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00384","title":"Tractable Lexical-Functional Grammar","display_name":"Tractable Lexical-Functional Grammar","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3042773224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00384","mag":"3042773224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00384","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/46/3/515/1847654/coli_a_00384.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/46/3/515/1847654/coli_a_00384.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018492547","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Wedekind","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344076864","display_name":"Center for Applied Linguistics","ror":"https://ror.org/020pekv35","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344076864"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J\u00fcrgen Wedekind","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Copenhagen, Department of Nordic Studies and                         Linguistics","University of Copenhagen, Department of Nordic Studies and\n Linguistics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Copenhagen, Department of Nordic Studies and                         Linguistics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344076864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Copenhagen, Department of Nordic Studies and\n Linguistics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344076864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113912213","display_name":"Ronald M. Kaplan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344076864","display_name":"Center for Applied Linguistics","ror":"https://ror.org/020pekv35","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344076864"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ronald M. Kaplan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Linguistics Department"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Linguistics Department","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344076864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018492547","https://openalex.org/A5113912213"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344076864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.408,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69492839,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"3","first_page":"515","last_page":"569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7785114049911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-functional-grammar","display_name":"Lexical functional grammar","score":0.7047228813171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.612769365310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.564591109752655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4637262225151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44290027022361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.22745728492736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.06125757098197937}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7785114049911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81868936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634155","display_name":"Lexical functional grammar","level":3,"score":0.7047228813171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.612769365310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.564591109752655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4637262225151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44290027022361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.22745728492736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.06125757098197937}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00384","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/46/3/515/1847654/coli_a_00384.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/620b3c23-9077-4ec4-b833-1a466c5c8235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/620b3c23-9077-4ec4-b833-1a466c5c8235","pdf_url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/coli_a_00384","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wedekind , J & Kaplan , R M 2020 , ' Tractable Lexical-Functional Grammar ' , Computational Linguistics , vol. 46 , no. 3 , pp. 515-569 . < https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/coli_a_00384 >","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4b052e8435f04663ab5061edbbcc4125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4b052e8435f04663ab5061edbbcc4125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 46, Iss 3 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00384","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/46/3/515/1847654/coli_a_00384.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W162009636","https://openalex.org/W1437972760","https://openalex.org/W1508382620","https://openalex.org/W1526292255","https://openalex.org/W1533001652","https://openalex.org/W1548630441","https://openalex.org/W1565881518","https://openalex.org/W1577541558","https://openalex.org/W1722351164","https://openalex.org/W1793660669","https://openalex.org/W1964235229","https://openalex.org/W1965813122","https://openalex.org/W1976711294","https://openalex.org/W2007795098","https://openalex.org/W2032527312","https://openalex.org/W2036540855","https://openalex.org/W2040039501","https://openalex.org/W2042633642","https://openalex.org/W2066155289","https://openalex.org/W2075443619","https://openalex.org/W2087058451","https://openalex.org/W2089385274","https://openalex.org/W2093584016","https://openalex.org/W2117290112","https://openalex.org/W2121924470","https://openalex.org/W2123669346","https://openalex.org/W2130035786","https://openalex.org/W2131543278","https://openalex.org/W2149695663","https://openalex.org/W2153131284","https://openalex.org/W2162152433","https://openalex.org/W2187794424","https://openalex.org/W2215112628","https://openalex.org/W2279992681","https://openalex.org/W2524358212","https://openalex.org/W3037996278","https://openalex.org/W3170858027","https://openalex.org/W4241850027","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298574599"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063575861","https://openalex.org/W3188962172","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W4312825515","https://openalex.org/W4306742369","https://openalex.org/W4303457083","https://openalex.org/W2131146434","https://openalex.org/W3204019825","https://openalex.org/W2509223852","https://openalex.org/W2079130886"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"formalism":[1],"for":[2,19,100,109,155,170],"Lexical-Functional":[3],"Grammar":[4],"(LFG)":[5],"was":[6],"introduced":[7],"in":[8,66,140],"the":[9,14,29,34,53,67,84,89,94,121,156],"1980s":[10],"as":[11,91],"one":[12],"of":[13,36,39,43,77,88,158],"first":[15],"constraint-based":[16],"grammatical":[17],"formalisms":[18],"natural":[20,159],"language.":[21],"It":[22],"has":[23],"led":[24],"to":[25,28,33,82,163],"substantial":[26],"contributions":[27],"linguistic":[30,141],"literature":[31],"and":[32,56,61,98,102,123,131,168],"construction":[35],"large-scale":[37],"descriptions":[38],"particular":[40],"languages.":[41],"Investigations":[42],"its":[44,124],"mathematical":[45],"properties":[46],"have":[47,104,134],"shown":[48],"that,":[49],"without":[50],"further":[51],"restrictions,":[52,151],"recognition,":[54],"emptiness,":[55],"generation":[57,103],"problems":[58],"are":[59,64,127,161],"undecidable,":[60],"that":[62,96,107,126,133,145,148],"they":[63],"intractable":[65],"worst":[68],"case":[69],"even":[70],"with":[71,129],"commonly":[72],"applied":[73],"restrictions.":[74],"However,":[75],"grammars":[76,147],"real":[78],"languages":[79],"appear":[80],"not":[81],"invoke":[83],"full":[85],"expressive":[86],"power":[87],"formalism,":[90],"indicated":[92],"by":[93],"fact":[95],"algorithms":[97],"implementations":[99],"recognition":[101],"been":[105,135],"developed":[106],"run\u2014even":[108],"broad-coverage":[110],"grammars\u2014in":[111],"typically":[112],"polynomial":[113],"time.":[114],"This":[115],"article":[116],"formalizes":[117],"some":[118],"restrictions":[119],"on":[120],"notation":[122],"interpretation":[125],"compatible":[128],"conventions":[130],"principles":[132],"implicit":[136],"or":[137],"informally":[138],"stated":[139],"theory.":[142],"We":[143],"show":[144],"LFG":[146],"respect":[149],"these":[150],"while":[152],"still":[153],"suitable":[154],"description":[157],"languages,":[160],"equivalent":[162],"linear":[164],"context-free":[165],"rewriting":[166],"systems":[167],"allow":[169],"tractable":[171],"computation.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}