{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941290279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00382","title":"Semantic Drift in Multilingual Representations","display_name":"Semantic Drift in Multilingual Representations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941290279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00382","mag":"2941290279"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00382","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/46/3/571/1847581/coli_a_00382.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/46/3/571/1847581/coli_a_00382.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087195265","display_name":"Lisa Beinborn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8654-2190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Beinborn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Computational Lexicology & Terminology Lab","vrije universiteit amsterdam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Computational Lexicology & Terminology Lab","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"vrije universiteit amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109855717","display_name":"Rochelle Choenni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rochelle Choenni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiteit van Amsterdam, Institute for Logic, Language and                         Computation","University of Amsterdam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiteit van Amsterdam, Institute for Logic, Language and                         Computation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2684,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64164733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"3","first_page":"571","last_page":"603"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8264121413230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7148195505142212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6033312678337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5568436980247498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5556403398513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5325117707252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.5213136076927185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4574545919895172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4157434403896332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3722645044326782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09523877501487732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08485016226768494}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8264121413230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7148195505142212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6033312678337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5568436980247498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5556403398513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5325117707252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.5213136076927185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4574545919895172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4157434403896332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3722645044326782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09523877501487732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08485016226768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":10,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00382","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/46/3/571/1847581/coli_a_00382.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire_cris_publications/a7fefc03-0f3a-4f1c-8c22-5654b63d436c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/a7fefc03-0f3a-4f1c-8c22-5654b63d436c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Beinborn, L & Choenni, R 2020, 'Semantic drift in multilingual representations', Computational Linguistics, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 571-603. https://doi.org/10.1162/COLI_a_00382","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1904.10820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.10820","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.10820","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c656fc8640ce4cc3adf62c9625935eab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c656fc8640ce4cc3adf62c9625935eab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 46, Iss 3, Pp 571-603 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/140624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/140624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/152713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/152713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/a7fefc03-0f3a-4f1c-8c22-5654b63d436c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/a7fefc03-0f3a-4f1c-8c22-5654b63d436c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Beinborn, L & Choenni, R 2020, 'Semantic drift in multilingual representations', Computational Linguistics, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 571-603. https://doi.org/10.1162/COLI_a_00382","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1904.10820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.10820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"mag:2941290279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3164754444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://virtual.2020.emnlp.org/paper_CL.2.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418267","display_name":"Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00382","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/46/3/571/1847581/coli_a_00382.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22168010","https://openalex.org/W149643677","https://openalex.org/W342285082","https://openalex.org/W630532510","https://openalex.org/W1828724394","https://openalex.org/W1988226737","https://openalex.org/W2009506985","https://openalex.org/W2016381774","https://openalex.org/W2041232209","https://openalex.org/W2052091366","https://openalex.org/W2053921957","https://openalex.org/W2055563597","https://openalex.org/W2057069782","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2100506586","https://openalex.org/W2102153514","https://openalex.org/W2118090838","https://openalex.org/W2126725946","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2131017041","https://openalex.org/W2140452151","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2160654481","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250646737","https://openalex.org/W2251033195","https://openalex.org/W2251111702","https://openalex.org/W2251765408","https://openalex.org/W2251994480","https://openalex.org/W2270070752","https://openalex.org/W2270364989","https://openalex.org/W2295781714","https://openalex.org/W2307020448","https://openalex.org/W2482986266","https://openalex.org/W2483666489","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2508069829","https://openalex.org/W2516035529","https://openalex.org/W2517394272","https://openalex.org/W2518268700","https://openalex.org/W2526171816","https://openalex.org/W2572114121","https://openalex.org/W2594021297","https://openalex.org/W2599438447","https://openalex.org/W2619383789","https://openalex.org/W2626534681","https://openalex.org/W2739351760","https://openalex.org/W2740011246","https://openalex.org/W2740132093","https://openalex.org/W2740290989","https://openalex.org/W2741602058","https://openalex.org/W2762484717","https://openalex.org/W2769280657","https://openalex.org/W2782213998","https://openalex.org/W2788784374","https://openalex.org/W2798389157","https://openalex.org/W2804830075","https://openalex.org/W2807650837","https://openalex.org/W2807821078","https://openalex.org/W2890463005","https://openalex.org/W2891081936","https://openalex.org/W2891555348","https://openalex.org/W2914348521","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2950500611","https://openalex.org/W2953109491","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2963004259","https://openalex.org/W2963061446","https://openalex.org/W2963099212","https://openalex.org/W2963118869","https://openalex.org/W2963310665","https://openalex.org/W2963320670","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963352326","https://openalex.org/W2963366649","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963672008","https://openalex.org/W2963780471","https://openalex.org/W2964178764","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2973047874","https://openalex.org/W2973088264","https://openalex.org/W3104033643","https://openalex.org/W3104723404","https://openalex.org/W3216404684","https://openalex.org/W4234216897"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3022495033","https://openalex.org/W2963826397","https://openalex.org/W2963560568","https://openalex.org/W2923290299","https://openalex.org/W3115435759","https://openalex.org/W3160324151","https://openalex.org/W3034469191","https://openalex.org/W2517456239","https://openalex.org/W3089118967","https://openalex.org/W2250954350","https://openalex.org/W2965451813","https://openalex.org/W2151691130","https://openalex.org/W3196777735","https://openalex.org/W3109527089","https://openalex.org/W3177337627","https://openalex.org/W748958260","https://openalex.org/W2074790252","https://openalex.org/W2790173704","https://openalex.org/W3009724649","https://openalex.org/W2962739339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multilingual":[0],"representations":[1,89,147],"have":[2],"mostly":[3],"been":[4],"evaluated":[5],"based":[6,37],"on":[7,10,38,94,127],"their":[8,39],"performance":[9],"specific":[11],"tasks.":[12],"In":[13,111],"this":[14,66],"article,":[15],"we":[16,69,113],"look":[17],"beyond":[18],"engineering":[19],"goals":[20],"and":[21,97,129,133,138,161],"analyze":[22],"the":[23,105,158],"relations":[24,101],"between":[25,102,121],"languages":[26,36,103],"in":[27,61,145],"computational":[28,62,159],"representations.":[29,64],"We":[30,44,124],"introduce":[31],"a":[32,56,72,115,164],"methodology":[33],"for":[34,107],"comparing":[35],"organization":[40],"of":[41,51,55,59,142,157],"semantic":[42,119,143],"concepts.":[43],"propose":[45,114],"to":[46,117,167],"conduct":[47],"an":[48],"adapted":[49],"version":[50],"representational":[52],"similarity":[53],"analysis":[54,67],"selected":[57],"set":[58],"concepts":[60],"multilingual":[63,87,131,146],"Using":[65],"method,":[68],"can":[70,148,153],"reconstruct":[71],"phylogenetic":[73],"tree":[74],"that":[75,86,90],"closely":[76],"resembles":[77],"those":[78],"assumed":[79],"by":[80],"linguistic":[81,169],"experts.":[82],"These":[83],"results":[84,137],"indicate":[85,154],"distributional":[88],"are":[91],"only":[92],"trained":[93],"monolingual":[95],"text":[96],"bilingual":[98],"dictionaries":[99],"preserve":[100],"without":[104],"need":[106],"any":[108],"etymological":[109],"information.":[110],"addition,":[112],"measure":[116],"identify":[118],"drift":[120,144],"language":[122],"families.":[123],"perform":[125],"experiments":[126],"word-based":[128],"sentence-based":[130],"models":[132,160],"provide":[134,163],"both":[135],"quantitative":[136,165],"qualitative":[139],"examples.":[140],"Analyses":[141],"serve":[149],"two":[150],"purposes:":[151],"They":[152],"unwanted":[155],"characteristics":[156],"they":[162],"means":[166],"study":[168],"phenomena":[170],"across":[171],"languages.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
