{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016172157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00166","title":"What Is a Paraphrase?","display_name":"What Is a Paraphrase?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016172157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00166","mag":"2016172157"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00166","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/39/3/463/1801912/coli_a_00166.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/39/3/463/1801912/coli_a_00166.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086631105","display_name":"Rahul Bhagat","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Bhagat","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Information Sciences Institute","USC/Information Sciences Institute,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Information Sciences Institute","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC/Information Sciences Institute,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060225743","display_name":"Eduard Hovy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3270-7903"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduard Hovy","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Information Sciences Institute","USC/Information Sciences Institute,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Information Sciences Institute","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC/Information Sciences Institute,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.5525,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":181,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99245038,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"3","first_page":"463","last_page":"472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paraphrase","display_name":"Paraphrase","score":0.9890525341033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8355568051338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.7426594495773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6902064085006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6184976100921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-equivalence","display_name":"Semantic equivalence","score":0.5092369318008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4777361750602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.45785295963287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.44454336166381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.39715293049812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.10230335593223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.07115545868873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.05593627691268921}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780922921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255189","display_name":"Paraphrase","level":2,"score":0.9890525341033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8355568051338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.7426594495773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6902064085006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6184976100921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37926939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449061","display_name":"Semantic equivalence","level":4,"score":0.5092369318008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4777361750602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.45785295963287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.44454336166381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.39715293049812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10230335593223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.07115545868873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.05593627691268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511149849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449051","display_name":"Semantic computing","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00166","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/39/3/463/1801912/coli_a_00166.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ffbb57a2ef504491b1ea88a328fb1448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ffbb57a2ef504491b1ea88a328fb1448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 39, Iss 3 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00166","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/39/3/463/1801912/coli_a_00166.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2016172157.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2016172157.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136846643","https://openalex.org/W1965605789","https://openalex.org/W1980776243","https://openalex.org/W2002664886","https://openalex.org/W2034916234","https://openalex.org/W2041374265","https://openalex.org/W2079638020","https://openalex.org/W2169813772","https://openalex.org/W2231954028","https://openalex.org/W2296632836","https://openalex.org/W3144372880","https://openalex.org/W4232683088","https://openalex.org/W4235505822","https://openalex.org/W4300672009","https://openalex.org/W4409330260"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2359839876","https://openalex.org/W2351199381","https://openalex.org/W2350507609","https://openalex.org/W4389627614","https://openalex.org/W2751871493","https://openalex.org/W3134473559","https://openalex.org/W2016172157","https://openalex.org/W2124517636","https://openalex.org/W4385573532","https://openalex.org/W3192786156"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Paraphrases":[0],"are":[1],"sentences":[2],"or":[3],"phrases":[4],"that":[5,65],"convey":[6],"the":[7,14,43,72,92],"same":[8],"meaning":[9],"using":[10],"different":[11],"wording.":[12],"Although":[13],"logical":[15],"definition":[16],"of":[17,33,45,62,76,84,94],"paraphrases":[18],"requires":[19],"strict":[20],"semantic":[21],"equivalence,":[22],"linguistics":[23],"accepts":[24],"a":[25,60],"broader,":[26],"approximate,":[27],"equivalence\u2014thereby":[28],"allowing":[29],"far":[30],"more":[31],"examples":[32],"\u201cquasi-paraphrase.\u201d":[34],"But":[35],"approximate":[36],"equivalence":[37],"is":[38,51],"hard":[39],"to":[40,53],"define.":[41],"Thus,":[42],"phenomenon":[44],"paraphrases,":[46],"as":[47],"understood":[48],"in":[49,98],"linguistics,":[50],"difficult":[52],"characterize.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56,77],"article,":[57],"we":[58],"list":[59,78],"set":[61],"25":[63],"operations":[64],"generate":[66],"quasi-paraphrases.":[67],"We":[68,90],"then":[69],"empirically":[70],"validate":[71],"scope":[73],"and":[74],"accuracy":[75],"by":[79],"manually":[80],"analyzing":[81],"random":[82],"samples":[83],"two":[85],"publicly":[86],"available":[87],"paraphrase":[88],"corpora.":[89],"provide":[91],"distribution":[93],"naturally":[95],"occurring":[96],"quasi-paraphrases":[97],"English":[99],"text.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}