{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2161002933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00127","title":"Learning Dependency-Based Compositional Semantics","display_name":"Learning Dependency-Based Compositional Semantics","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2161002933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00127","mag":"2161002933"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00127","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/39/2/389/1812365/coli_a_00127.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/39/2/389/1812365/coli_a_00127.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025255782","display_name":"Percy Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-6139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Percy Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049812527","display_name":"Michael I. Jordan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8935-817X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael I. Jordan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004921249","display_name":"Dan Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8881-1902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025255782"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":69.8559,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":523,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99949636,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"2","first_page":"389","last_page":"446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8623591661453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.7840012311935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-form","display_name":"Logical form","score":0.6998941898345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6711054444313049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.604841411113739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formalism","display_name":"Formalism (music)","score":0.545929491519928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.5450130701065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.485910564661026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-consequence","display_name":"Logical consequence","score":0.4559633433818817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.4530782103538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.41968464851379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.40729403495788574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8623591661453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.7840012311935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778790839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6667497","display_name":"Logical form","level":2,"score":0.6998941898345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6711054444313049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.604841411113739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.545929491519928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5450130701065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.485910564661026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134752490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374182","display_name":"Logical consequence","level":2,"score":0.4559633433818817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4530782103538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.41968464851379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.40729403495788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":12,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00127","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/39/2/389/1812365/coli_a_00127.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.207.5819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.207.5819","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://aclweb.org/anthology-new/P/P11/P11-1060.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.221.4930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.221.4930","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/%7Epliang/papers/dcs-acl2011.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.295.7419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.295.7419","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cs.stanford.edu/~pliang/papers/dcs-acl2011.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.300.4965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.300.4965","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jordan/papers/liang-jordan-klein-acl2011.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.307.1242","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.307.1242","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://nlp.cs.berkeley.edu/pubs/Liang-Jordan-Klein_2011_DCS_paper.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.396.4020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.396.4020","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://wing.comp.nus.edu.sg/~antho/J/J13/J13-2005.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.406.822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.406.822","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2011/EECS-2011-90.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.768.8151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.768.8151","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1109.6841.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:def0f51fb51a4ce8bd12e0024d0e64e0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/def0f51fb51a4ce8bd12e0024d0e64e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 39, Iss 2 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt1b1189cm","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1b1189cm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},{"id":"pmh:qt1b1189cm","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1b1189cm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Liang, Percy. (2011). Learning Dependency-Based Compositional Semantics. UC Berkeley: Computer Science. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1b1189cm","raw_type":"dissertation"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/coli_a_00127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00127","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/39/2/389/1812365/coli_a_00127.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161002933.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161002933.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108987309","https://openalex.org/W1496189301","https://openalex.org/W1503291951","https://openalex.org/W1533817337","https://openalex.org/W1539110455","https://openalex.org/W1559723967","https://openalex.org/W1567277581","https://openalex.org/W1579899197","https://openalex.org/W1594888352","https://openalex.org/W1607626355","https://openalex.org/W1622302876","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1711163617","https://openalex.org/W1927197813","https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W2006406454","https://openalex.org/W2006710607","https://openalex.org/W2008225289","https://openalex.org/W2021562923","https://openalex.org/W2043100293","https://openalex.org/W2051669046","https://openalex.org/W2075322664","https://openalex.org/W2085574295","https://openalex.org/W2092654472","https://openalex.org/W2096968458","https://openalex.org/W2096979215","https://openalex.org/W2098162425","https://openalex.org/W2102258316","https://openalex.org/W2107618763","https://openalex.org/W2111526438","https://openalex.org/W2111742432","https://openalex.org/W2112999531","https://openalex.org/W2114122184","https://openalex.org/W2114964701","https://openalex.org/W2116716943","https://openalex.org/W2118781169","https://openalex.org/W2120340025","https://openalex.org/W2121465811","https://openalex.org/W2122223050","https://openalex.org/W2131257014","https://openalex.org/W2133341864","https://openalex.org/W2135754437","https://openalex.org/W2139621418","https://openalex.org/W2139907445","https://openalex.org/W2140266767","https://openalex.org/W2145618437","https://openalex.org/W2148833958","https://openalex.org/W2150406842","https://openalex.org/W2154268919","https://openalex.org/W2154764394","https://openalex.org/W2158349948","https://openalex.org/W2161002933","https://openalex.org/W2162455891","https://openalex.org/W2163234897","https://openalex.org/W2163274265","https://openalex.org/W2164155814","https://openalex.org/W2166895795","https://openalex.org/W2170329722","https://openalex.org/W2227250678","https://openalex.org/W2337098149","https://openalex.org/W2426452510","https://openalex.org/W2596356468","https://openalex.org/W2626914210","https://openalex.org/W2760705664","https://openalex.org/W2914605928","https://openalex.org/W3121854931","https://openalex.org/W3202966348","https://openalex.org/W4236796448","https://openalex.org/W4240963309","https://openalex.org/W4293052541","https://openalex.org/W4300038913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2968543375","https://openalex.org/W2098784136","https://openalex.org/W2953770453","https://openalex.org/W4288558800","https://openalex.org/W2987141700","https://openalex.org/W3151193637","https://openalex.org/W2950869915","https://openalex.org/W2963106169","https://openalex.org/W4292351602","https://openalex.org/W4379261285"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Suppose":[0],"we":[1,134],"want":[2],"to":[3,45,73,142],"build":[4],"a":[5,9,18,26,36,76,89,94,104,117],"system":[6,37,138],"that":[7,42,120,136,146],"answers":[8],"natural":[10],"language":[11],"question":[12],"by":[13],"representing":[14],"its":[15],"semantics":[16,100],"as":[17,88],"logical":[19,46,61,84,109,150],"forxm":[20],"and":[21,102,125],"computing":[22],"the":[23,39,83],"answer":[24],"given":[25],"structured":[27],"database":[28],"of":[29,34,55,66],"facts.":[30],"The":[31,111],"core":[32],"part":[33],"such":[35],"is":[38,68,72,86],"semantic":[40,77,96,131],"parser":[41,78],"maps":[43],"questions":[44,56],"forms.":[47,110,151],"Semantic":[48],"parsers":[49],"are":[50,114],"typically":[51],"trained":[52],"from":[53,79],"examples":[54],"annotated":[57,149],"with":[58],"their":[59],"target":[60],"forms,":[62],"but":[63],"this":[64],"type":[65],"annotation":[67],"expensive.":[69],"Our":[70],"goal":[71],"instead":[74],"learn":[75],"question\u2013answer":[80],"pairs,":[81],"where":[82],"form":[85],"modeled":[87],"latent":[90],"variable.":[91],"We":[92],"develop":[93],"new":[95],"formalism,":[97],"dependency-based":[98],"compositional":[99],"(DCS)":[101],"define":[103],"log-linear":[105],"distribution":[106],"over":[107],"DCS":[108],"model":[112],"parameters":[113],"estimated":[115],"using":[116],"simple":[118],"procedure":[119],"alternates":[121],"between":[122],"beam":[123],"search":[124],"numerical":[126],"optimization.":[127],"On":[128],"two":[129],"standard":[130],"parsing":[132],"benchmarks,":[133],"show":[135],"our":[137],"obtains":[139],"comparable":[140],"accuracies":[141],"even":[143],"state-of-the-art":[144],"systems":[145],"do":[147],"require":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":28}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}