{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3172337800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00341","title":"Problem-Solving Benefits of Down-Sampled Lexicase Selection","display_name":"Problem-Solving Benefits of Down-Sampled Lexicase Selection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3172337800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00341","mag":"3172337800","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34473827"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00341","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.06085","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083108240","display_name":"Thomas Helmuth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2330-6809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188592606","display_name":"Hamilton College","ror":"https://ror.org/05709zb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188592606"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Helmuth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamilton College. thelmuth@hamilton.edu","Hamilton College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamilton College. thelmuth@hamilton.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188592606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamilton College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188592606"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044142640","display_name":"Lee Spector","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5299-4797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177605424","display_name":"Amherst College","ror":"https://ror.org/028vqfs63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177605424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47631775","display_name":"Hampshire College","ror":"https://ror.org/03pe1mm80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47631775"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee Spector","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amherst College","Hampshire College","University of Massachusetts Amherst. lspector@amherst.edu","Amherst College ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amherst College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177605424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hampshire College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47631775"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst. lspector@amherst.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177605424","https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amherst College ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177605424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2607,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64042112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"3\u20134","first_page":"183","last_page":"203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.7179704904556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.7155765891075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6886028051376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5678390264511108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5576512217521667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5251495838165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.4910121262073517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4653303027153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4608786404132843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4283716678619385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.7179704904556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.7155765891075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6886028051376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5678390264511108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5576512217521667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5251495838165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4910121262073517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4653303027153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4608786404132843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4283716678619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00341","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34473827","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34473827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2106.06085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.06085","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.06085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3172337800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.06085.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.06085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2106.06085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2106.06085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.06085","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.06085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3576524178","display_name":"RI: Small: RUI: Synthesis of Robust Artificial Systems by Adaptive Genetic Programming","funder_award_id":"1617087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3172337800.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3172337800.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122665235","https://openalex.org/W138246980","https://openalex.org/W164465396","https://openalex.org/W758372786","https://openalex.org/W1508212832","https://openalex.org/W1561689556","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1580959953","https://openalex.org/W1966001515","https://openalex.org/W1978661986","https://openalex.org/W1980900887","https://openalex.org/W2034068348","https://openalex.org/W2044775606","https://openalex.org/W2072473332","https://openalex.org/W2119653020","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2136414484","https://openalex.org/W2170808194","https://openalex.org/W2172029476","https://openalex.org/W2481686130","https://openalex.org/W2498912155","https://openalex.org/W2514962457","https://openalex.org/W2529389829","https://openalex.org/W2604556510","https://openalex.org/W2618322414","https://openalex.org/W2731782677","https://openalex.org/W2732956268","https://openalex.org/W2739858255","https://openalex.org/W2754468148","https://openalex.org/W2756174255","https://openalex.org/W2798474464","https://openalex.org/W2830196635","https://openalex.org/W2883518743","https://openalex.org/W2886010853","https://openalex.org/W2912821124","https://openalex.org/W2947246097","https://openalex.org/W2951817256","https://openalex.org/W2954550468","https://openalex.org/W2961535796","https://openalex.org/W2962687375","https://openalex.org/W2962940599","https://openalex.org/W2963317585","https://openalex.org/W3023345483","https://openalex.org/W3042565597","https://openalex.org/W3042716655","https://openalex.org/W3046367554","https://openalex.org/W3090811986","https://openalex.org/W3098038161","https://openalex.org/W3098960920","https://openalex.org/W3099551301","https://openalex.org/W3121577616","https://openalex.org/W3170750609","https://openalex.org/W3173383004","https://openalex.org/W4289765664","https://openalex.org/W6604975347","https://openalex.org/W6622219343","https://openalex.org/W6725783921","https://openalex.org/W6748278370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3198225904","https://openalex.org/W3004144506","https://openalex.org/W192337105","https://openalex.org/W2286045454","https://openalex.org/W131575710","https://openalex.org/W2530139841","https://openalex.org/W2167705152","https://openalex.org/W3035352032","https://openalex.org/W1656981120","https://openalex.org/W2897097692","https://openalex.org/W2058085393","https://openalex.org/W2209463600","https://openalex.org/W2970450573","https://openalex.org/W1494240722","https://openalex.org/W2771004121","https://openalex.org/W2063303403","https://openalex.org/W2609580417","https://openalex.org/W2287804310","https://openalex.org/W3173277327","https://openalex.org/W3157916638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"genetic":[1],"programming,":[2],"an":[3,26],"evolutionary":[4,237],"method":[5],"for":[6,170],"producing":[7],"computer":[8],"programs":[9],"that":[10,73,83,95,116,127,146,156,167,183,199,223,233],"solve":[11],"specified":[12],"computational":[13,246],"problems,":[14],"parent":[15],"selection":[16,58,88,142],"is":[17,104,252],"ordinarily":[18],"based":[19],"on":[20,35,40],"aggregate":[21],"measures":[22],"of":[23,38,43,71,86,100,122,139,180,186],"performance":[24,39],"across":[25,189],"entire":[27],"training":[28,44,102,187],"set.":[29],"Lexicase":[30,57],"selection,":[31],"by":[32,68,92],"contrast,":[33],"selects":[34],"the":[36,84,101,114,123,135,177,184,221,231,236,244],"basis":[37],"random":[41,98],"sequences":[42,70],"cases;":[45],"this":[46],"has":[47,81],"been":[48],"shown":[49],"to":[50,143,151,173,204,239],"enhance":[51],"problem-solving":[52],"power":[53],"in":[54],"many":[55],"circumstances.":[56],"can":[59,89,109],"also":[60],"be":[61,90,110,174],"seen":[62,111],"as":[63,112,192],"better":[64],"reflecting":[65],"biological":[66],"evolution,":[67],"modeling":[69,113],"challenges":[72],"organisms":[74,118],"face":[75],"over":[76,130],"their":[77],"lifetimes.":[78],"Recent":[79],"work":[80],"demonstrated":[82],"advantages":[85],"lexicase":[87,141,225],"amplified":[91],"down-sampling,":[93],"meaning":[94],"only":[96,120],"a":[97,193],"subsample":[99],"cases":[103],"used":[105],"each":[106,250],"generation.":[107],"This":[108],"fact":[115,232],"individual":[117,251],"encounter":[119],"subsets":[121],"possible":[124],"environments":[125,128],"and":[126,218],"change":[129],"time.":[131],"Here":[132],"we":[133],"provide":[134],"most":[136],"extensive":[137],"benchmarking":[138],"down-sampled":[140,224],"date,":[144],"showing":[145],"its":[147],"benefits":[148],"hold":[149],"up":[150],"increased":[152],"scrutiny.":[153],"The":[154],"reasons":[155],"down-sampling":[157,168],"helps,":[158],"however,":[159],"are":[160],"not":[161],"yet":[162],"fully":[163],"understood.":[164],"Hypotheses":[165],"include":[166],"allows":[169,235],"more":[171,205,241],"generations":[172,190],"processed":[175],"with":[176],"same":[178,245],"budget":[179],"program":[181],"evaluations;":[182],"variation":[185],"data":[188],"acts":[191],"changing":[194],"environment,":[195],"encouraging":[196],"adaptation;":[197],"or":[198],"it":[200,234],"reduces":[201],"overfitting,":[202],"leading":[203],"general":[206],"solutions.":[207],"We":[208],"systematically":[209],"evaluate":[210],"these":[211],"hypotheses,":[212],"finding":[213],"evidence":[214],"against":[215],"all":[216],"three,":[217],"instead":[219],"draw":[220],"conclusion":[222],"selection's":[226],"main":[227],"benefit":[228],"stems":[229],"from":[230],"process":[238],"examine":[240],"individuals":[242],"within":[243],"budget,":[247],"even":[248],"though":[249],"examined":[253],"less":[254],"completely.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
