{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2742659640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00235","title":"Molecular Robots Obeying Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics","display_name":"Molecular Robots Obeying Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2742659640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00235","mag":"2742659640","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28786728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00235","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012168199","display_name":"Gal A. Kaminka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8341-322X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gal A. Kaminka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bar Ilan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar Ilan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074369432","display_name":"Rachel Spokoini-Stern","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Spokoini-Stern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augmanity"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augmanity","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026928031","display_name":"Yaniv Amir","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaniv Amir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augmanity"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augmanity","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055529558","display_name":"Noa Agmon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0890-7734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noa Agmon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bar Ilan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar Ilan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024493614","display_name":"Ido Bachelet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1089-1172"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ido Bachelet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augmanity"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augmanity","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9838,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75007492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"343","last_page":"350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11048","display_name":"Bacteriophages and microbial interactions","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.8097145557403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.627149224281311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5764693021774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5617684721946716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.5435627698898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5000724792480469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4352666139602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.42258399724960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.12706181406974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12523820996284485}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.8097145557403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.627149224281311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5764693021774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5617684721946716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.5435627698898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5000724792480469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4352666139602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.42258399724960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12706181406974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12523820996284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28786728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28786728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964928696","https://openalex.org/W1976815031","https://openalex.org/W1989813275","https://openalex.org/W2005615084","https://openalex.org/W2032813700","https://openalex.org/W2038125628","https://openalex.org/W2038156304","https://openalex.org/W2047206115","https://openalex.org/W2073878632","https://openalex.org/W2074120916","https://openalex.org/W2075031385","https://openalex.org/W2103409481","https://openalex.org/W2104525153","https://openalex.org/W2113909127","https://openalex.org/W2126961173","https://openalex.org/W2133035852","https://openalex.org/W2146238633","https://openalex.org/W2164215798","https://openalex.org/W2165354120","https://openalex.org/W2186876778"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241523039","https://openalex.org/W178231042","https://openalex.org/W2360028903","https://openalex.org/W4280543773","https://openalex.org/W2366083136","https://openalex.org/W2387622493","https://openalex.org/W1932132538","https://openalex.org/W2357832196","https://openalex.org/W1566252468","https://openalex.org/W4200375594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Asimov's":[0,80,116,125],"three":[1],"laws":[2,44,81],"of":[3,12,22,42,66,102,115,167],"robotics,":[4],"which":[5,129],"were":[6],"shaped":[7],"in":[8,45,60,70,86,107,128],"the":[9,121,139,154,165],"literary":[10],"work":[11],"Isaac":[13],"Asimov":[14],"(1920-1992)":[15],"and":[16,56,68,72,118,151],"others,":[17],"define":[18],"a":[19,31,108,130],"crucial":[20],"code":[21],"behavior":[23],"that":[24,144],"fictional":[25,131],"autonomous":[26],"robots":[27,46,71,88,97,106,160],"must":[28],"obey":[29],"as":[30],"condition":[32],"for":[33],"their":[34,168],"integration":[35],"into":[36,134],"human":[37],"society.":[38],"While,":[39],"general":[40],"implementation":[41],"these":[43,84,96],"is":[47],"widely":[48],"considered":[49],"impractical,":[50],"limited-scope":[51],"versions":[52],"have":[53,57],"been":[54],"demonstrated":[55],"proven":[58],"useful":[59],"spurring":[61],"scientific":[62],"debate":[63],"on":[64,161,164],"aspects":[65],"safety":[67],"autonomy":[69],"intelligent":[73],"systems.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76,162],"work,":[77],"we":[78,158],"use":[79],"to":[82,98,138],"examine":[83],"notions":[85,147],"molecular":[87,155],"fabricated":[89],"from":[90,124],"DNA":[91],"origami.":[92],"We":[93],"successfully":[94],"programmed":[95],"obey,":[99],"by":[100],"means":[101],"interactions":[103],"between":[104],"individual":[105],"large":[109],"population,":[110],"an":[111],"appropriately":[112],"scoped":[113],"variant":[114],"laws,":[117],"even":[119],"emulate":[120],"key":[122],"scenario":[123],"story":[126],"\"Runaround,\"":[127],"robot":[132],"gets":[133],"trouble":[135],"despite":[136],"adhering":[137],"laws.":[140],"Our":[141],"findings":[142],"show":[143],"abstract,":[145],"complex":[146],"can":[148],"be":[149],"encoded":[150],"implemented":[152],"at":[153],"scale,":[156],"when":[157],"understand":[159],"scale":[163],"basis":[166],"interactions.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}