{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2193459987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00180","title":"Maximizing the Adjacent Possible in Automata Chemistries","display_name":"Maximizing the Adjacent Possible in Automata Chemistries","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2193459987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00180","mag":"2193459987","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26649811"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00180","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/artl/article-pdf/22/1/49/1665284/artl_a_00180.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/artl/article-pdf/22/1/49/1665284/artl_a_00180.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039777446","display_name":"Simon Hickinbotham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0880-4460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Hickinbotham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5GH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5GH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111461727","display_name":"Edward Clark","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automata Chemistries. Artificial Life,","University of York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automata Chemistries. Artificial Life,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075434232","display_name":"Adam Nellis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Nellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automata Chemistries. Artificial Life,","University of York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automata Chemistries. Artificial Life,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031800049","display_name":"Susan Stepney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-5401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Stepney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automata Chemistries. Artificial Life,","University of York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automata Chemistries. Artificial Life,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003747911","display_name":"Tim Clarke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5950-9851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Clarke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5GH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5GH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028421031","display_name":"J. Peter W. Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5259-4830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7536,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76545389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"49","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.7255603075027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6757811307907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-automaton","display_name":"Cellular automaton","score":0.6274274587631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.618287205696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6056170463562012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5402261018753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-elements-and-principles","display_name":"Design elements and principles","score":0.47084590792655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-biology","display_name":"Synthetic biology","score":0.42168182134628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4162341356277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3584657907485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3125326633453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.2658562958240509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11984169483184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.11042672395706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"Bioinformatics","score":0.10241037607192993}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.7255603075027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6757811307907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35527583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189156","display_name":"Cellular automaton","level":2,"score":0.6274274587631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.618287205696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6056170463562012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5402261018753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33276779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943363","display_name":"Design elements and principles","level":2,"score":0.47084590792655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191908910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862838","display_name":"Synthetic biology","level":2,"score":0.42168182134628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4162341356277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3584657907485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3125326633453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2658562958240509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11984169483184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11042672395706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.10241037607192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002621","descriptor_name":"Chemistry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002621","descriptor_name":"Chemistry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002621","descriptor_name":"Chemistry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010825","descriptor_name":"Physics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010825","descriptor_name":"Physics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010825","descriptor_name":"Physics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00180","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/artl/article-pdf/22/1/49/1665284/artl_a_00180.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26649811","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26649811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:114475","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0880-4460>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00180","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/artl/article-pdf/22/1/49/1665284/artl_a_00180.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1704816902","display_name":"PLAZZMID: Evolutionary algorithms from bacterial and bee genomes","funder_award_id":"EP/F031033/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4006757033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/F031033/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2193459987.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2193459987.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75036202","https://openalex.org/W1530232266","https://openalex.org/W1848486865","https://openalex.org/W1965335252","https://openalex.org/W1990309597","https://openalex.org/W2006394919","https://openalex.org/W2011214280","https://openalex.org/W2040149871","https://openalex.org/W2050110866","https://openalex.org/W2055534997","https://openalex.org/W2061046533","https://openalex.org/W2069994241","https://openalex.org/W2070404254","https://openalex.org/W2083451921","https://openalex.org/W2087064593","https://openalex.org/W2108704847","https://openalex.org/W2116758341","https://openalex.org/W2124063239","https://openalex.org/W2126160338","https://openalex.org/W2145600675","https://openalex.org/W2147123807","https://openalex.org/W2147659161","https://openalex.org/W2156597356","https://openalex.org/W2159363606","https://openalex.org/W2162170584","https://openalex.org/W2163602492","https://openalex.org/W2168315847","https://openalex.org/W2188617196","https://openalex.org/W2398340731","https://openalex.org/W2399084258","https://openalex.org/W2401586079","https://openalex.org/W2403337761","https://openalex.org/W2408373343","https://openalex.org/W2913854203","https://openalex.org/W4237571793","https://openalex.org/W4299993032","https://openalex.org/W6864748143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164619678","https://openalex.org/W2113544496","https://openalex.org/W1669105318","https://openalex.org/W2360313292","https://openalex.org/W9202957","https://openalex.org/W2067777412","https://openalex.org/W2359527201","https://openalex.org/W2353714615","https://openalex.org/W3091867061","https://openalex.org/W3095031203"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automata":[0],"chemistries":[1],"are":[2,12,57,123],"good":[3],"vehicles":[4],"for":[5],"experimentation":[6],"in":[7,86,138,164],"open-ended":[8],"evolution,":[9],"but":[10],"they":[11,90],"by":[13],"necessity":[14],"complex":[15],"systems":[16],"whose":[17],"low-level":[18],"properties":[19,148],"require":[20],"careful":[21],"design.":[22],"To":[23,131],"aid":[24],"the":[25,38,70,76,87,95,119,139,147,154,159,162],"process":[26],"of":[27,40,107,118,149,161],"designing":[28,165],"automata":[29,143,166],"chemistries,":[30],"we":[31,135],"develop":[32],"an":[33,116],"abstract":[34],"model":[35],"that":[36,61,66,110],"classifies":[37],"features":[39],"a":[41,44,51,105],"chemistry":[42],"from":[43,50],"physical":[45],"(bottom":[46],"up)":[47],"perspective":[48],"and":[49,64,75,128,156],"biological":[52],"(top":[53],"down)":[54],"perspective.":[55],"There":[56],"two":[58],"levels:":[59],"things":[60,65],"can":[62,91],"evolve,":[63],"cannot.":[67],"We":[68,81,93,145],"equate":[69],"evolving":[71],"level":[72,78],"with":[73,79,151],"biology":[74],"non-evolving":[77],"physics.":[80],"design":[82,94,108],"our":[83],"initial":[84],"organisms":[85],"biology,":[88],"so":[89,157],"evolve.":[92],"physics":[96],"to":[97,104,153],"facilitate":[98],"evolvable":[99],"biologies.":[100],"This":[101],"architecture":[102],"leads":[103],"set":[106],"principles":[109,122,163],"should":[111],"be":[112],"observed":[113],"when":[114],"creating":[115],"instantiation":[117],"architecture.":[120],"These":[121],"Everything":[124,129],"Evolves,":[125],"Everything's":[126],"Soft,":[127],"Dies.":[130],"evaluate":[132],"these":[133],"ideas,":[134],"present":[136],"experiments":[137],"recently":[140],"developed":[141],"Stringmol":[142,150],"chemistry.":[144],"examine":[146],"respect":[152],"principles,":[155],"demonstrate":[158],"usefulness":[160],"chemistries.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}