{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065740137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00105","title":"Online Learning in a Chemical Perceptron","display_name":"Online Learning in a Chemical Perceptron","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065740137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00105","mag":"2065740137","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23514238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00105","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/artl/article-pdf/19/2/195/1663347/artl_a_00105.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/artl/article-pdf/19/2/195/1663347/artl_a_00105.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007123367","display_name":"Peter Banda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6678-490X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126345244","display_name":"Portland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yn2fy02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126345244"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Banda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Portland State University","PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Portland State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126345244"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126345244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037611164","display_name":"Christof Teuscher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5927-1900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126345244","display_name":"Portland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yn2fy02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126345244"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christof Teuscher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Portland State University","PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Portland State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126345244"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126345244"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003454366","display_name":"Matthew R. Lakin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8516-4789"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew R. Lakin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico","University of New Mexico;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico;","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8061,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84813826,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"195","last_page":"219"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10913","display_name":"Molecular Junctions and Nanostructures","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.8612078428268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.688060998916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.5254087448120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5146142244338989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.47470158338546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.433942586183548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3916535973548889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36751675605773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.3381924033164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.14658275246620178}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.8612078428268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.688060998916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5254087448120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5146142244338989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47470158338546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.433942586183548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3916535973548889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36751675605773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3381924033164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.14658275246620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001330","descriptor_name":"Electronic Data Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001330","descriptor_name":"Electronic Data Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001330","descriptor_name":"Electronic Data Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002621","descriptor_name":"Chemistry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002621","descriptor_name":"Chemistry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002621","descriptor_name":"Chemistry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007700","descriptor_name":"Kinetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007700","descriptor_name":"Kinetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007700","descriptor_name":"Kinetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008956","descriptor_name":"Models, Chemical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008956","descriptor_name":"Models, Chemical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008956","descriptor_name":"Models, Chemical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00105","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/artl/article-pdf/19/2/195/1663347/artl_a_00105.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23514238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23514238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu:compsci_fac-1000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/compsci_fac/1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196300","display_name":"PDXScholar  (Portland State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126345244","host_organization_name":"Portland State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126345244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/25882","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/25882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life, 19 (2), 195-219 (2013)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl_a_00105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00105","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/artl/article-pdf/19/2/195/1663347/artl_a_00105.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4884735680","display_name":"CDI-Type II: Collaborative Research: Computing with Biomolecules: From Network Motifs to Complex and Adaptive Systems","funder_award_id":"1028120","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2065740137.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2065740137.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22297218","https://openalex.org/W71721065","https://openalex.org/W147248020","https://openalex.org/W571194210","https://openalex.org/W581606357","https://openalex.org/W600598432","https://openalex.org/W1492895589","https://openalex.org/W1514205146","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1534303135","https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1573865344","https://openalex.org/W1588986223","https://openalex.org/W1930596957","https://openalex.org/W1965350886","https://openalex.org/W1965688143","https://openalex.org/W1971947347","https://openalex.org/W1972367347","https://openalex.org/W1976595943","https://openalex.org/W1977312644","https://openalex.org/W1977943300","https://openalex.org/W1981467491","https://openalex.org/W1989767423","https://openalex.org/W1995799881","https://openalex.org/W1996197315","https://openalex.org/W2000804241","https://openalex.org/W2005615084","https://openalex.org/W2007909139","https://openalex.org/W2013672417","https://openalex.org/W2014574528","https://openalex.org/W2022943108","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2042087426","https://openalex.org/W2042321087","https://openalex.org/W2046355391","https://openalex.org/W2058069319","https://openalex.org/W2075031385","https://openalex.org/W2076458330","https://openalex.org/W2076611253","https://openalex.org/W2097571405","https://openalex.org/W2106499429","https://openalex.org/W2111724365","https://openalex.org/W2116509046","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2126961444","https://openalex.org/W2142111752","https://openalex.org/W2145600675","https://openalex.org/W2154986159","https://openalex.org/W2155418451","https://openalex.org/W2159635590","https://openalex.org/W2169436912","https://openalex.org/W2186876778","https://openalex.org/W2216717106","https://openalex.org/W2546918771","https://openalex.org/W2612972698","https://openalex.org/W2624516165","https://openalex.org/W2911468226","https://openalex.org/W2948493777","https://openalex.org/W3124549309","https://openalex.org/W4206725542","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4232533170","https://openalex.org/W4234080439","https://openalex.org/W4239670818","https://openalex.org/W4241395986","https://openalex.org/W4241964711","https://openalex.org/W4251731575","https://openalex.org/W4301866048","https://openalex.org/W4391233682"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076543106","https://openalex.org/W3158157485","https://openalex.org/W2243550366","https://openalex.org/W2019891950","https://openalex.org/W2085842814","https://openalex.org/W2156260160","https://openalex.org/W1985010875","https://openalex.org/W2523437662","https://openalex.org/W3000407446","https://openalex.org/W1987591823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"learning":[1],"implemented":[2],"purely":[3],"by":[4,58],"means":[5],"of":[6,40,55,61,96],"a":[7,33,41,62,93],"synthetic":[8],"chemical":[9,34,94,102,139],"system":[10,22,53],"has":[11],"not":[12],"been":[13],"previously":[14],"realized.":[15],"Learning":[16],"promotes":[17],"reusability":[18],"and":[19,70,72,83,99,114,145],"minimizes":[20],"the":[21,36,51,59,80,84,138],"design":[23],"to":[24,141],"simple":[25],"input-output":[26],"specification.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"article":[30],"we":[31],"introduce":[32],"perceptron,":[35,86],"first":[37],"full-featured":[38],"implementation":[39,95,132],"perceptron":[42,49,82,140],"in":[43,128],"an":[44,131],"artificial":[45,66],"(simulated)":[46],"chemistry.":[47],"A":[48],"is":[50,68],"simplest":[52],"capable":[54],"learning,":[56],"inspired":[57],"functioning":[60],"biological":[63],"neuron.":[64],"Our":[65],"chemistry":[67],"deterministic":[69],"discrete-time,":[71],"follows":[73],"Michaelis-Menten":[74],"kinetics.":[75],"We":[76,121],"present":[77],"two":[78,89],"models,":[79],"weight-loop":[81],"weight-race":[85],"which":[87],"represent":[88],"possible":[90],"strategies":[91],"for":[92,134],"linear":[97],"integration":[98],"threshold.":[100],"Both":[101],"perceptrons":[103],"can":[104],"successfully":[105],"identify":[106],"all":[107],"14":[108],"linearly":[109],"separable":[110],"two-input":[111],"logic":[112],"functions":[113],"maintain":[115],"high":[116],"robustness":[117],"against":[118],"rate-constant":[119],"perturbations.":[120],"suggest":[122],"that":[123],"DNA":[124],"strand":[125],"displacement":[126],"could,":[127],"principle,":[129],"provide":[130],"substrate":[133],"our":[135],"model,":[136],"allowing":[137],"perform":[142],"reusable,":[143],"programmable,":[144],"adaptable":[146],"wet":[147],"biochemical":[148],"computing.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-29T07:29:34.045763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}