{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118194470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.4.14401","title":"Self-Organization of Intertidal Snails Facilitates Evolution of Aggregation Behavior","display_name":"Self-Organization of Intertidal Snails Facilitates Evolution of Aggregation Behavior","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118194470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.4.14401","mag":"2118194470","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18573064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl.2008.14.4.14401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.4.14401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068399505","display_name":"Richard Stafford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1964-5787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114203471","display_name":"University of Gloucestershire","ror":"https://ror.org/00wygct11","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Stafford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Contact author","Department of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, GL50 4AZ, UK","* Contact author","** Department of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, GL50 4AZ, UK. E-mail:"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Contact author","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, GL50 4AZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"* Contact author","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"** Department of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, GL50 4AZ, UK. E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048465791","display_name":"Mark S. Davies","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1900-1022"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark S. Davies","raw_affiliation_strings":["HNSS, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HNSS, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062115968","display_name":"Gray A. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0193-6591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gray A. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048465791","https://openalex.org/A5062115968","https://openalex.org/A5068399505"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114203471","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8781,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7637333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"409","last_page":"423"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10765","display_name":"Marine Biology and Ecology Research","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10765","display_name":"Marine Biology and Ecology Research","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10643","display_name":"Marine and coastal plant biology","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intertidal-zone","display_name":"Intertidal zone","score":0.819701611995697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desiccation","display_name":"Desiccation","score":0.6436979174613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-dispersal","display_name":"Biological dispersal","score":0.551559567451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.5006210803985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4972236454486847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shore","display_name":"Shore","score":0.49607452750205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.3333595097064972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174580923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421069","display_name":"Intertidal zone","level":2,"score":0.819701611995697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50402729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903071","display_name":"Desiccation","level":2,"score":0.6436979174613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47559259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778143","display_name":"Biological dispersal","level":3,"score":0.551559567451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.5006210803985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4972236454486847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152382732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468756","display_name":"Shore","level":2,"score":0.49607452750205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3333595097064972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000819","descriptor_name":"Animal Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000819","descriptor_name":"Animal Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000819","descriptor_name":"Animal Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003299","descriptor_name":"Cooperative Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003299","descriptor_name":"Cooperative Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003299","descriptor_name":"Cooperative Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012908","descriptor_name":"Snails","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012908","descriptor_name":"Snails","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012908","descriptor_name":"Snails","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/artl.2008.14.4.14401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.4.14401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18573064","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18573064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:sure.sunderland.ac.uk:2971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/view/creators/Stafford=3ARichard=3A=3A.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402295","display_name":"Sunderland Repository (University of Sunderland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5728261","host_organization_name":"University of Sunderland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5728261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/89318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/89318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26772505","https://openalex.org/W30900260","https://openalex.org/W560236166","https://openalex.org/W1502306185","https://openalex.org/W1503016241","https://openalex.org/W1529442693","https://openalex.org/W1539968307","https://openalex.org/W1547063699","https://openalex.org/W1590255684","https://openalex.org/W1629051378","https://openalex.org/W1964703243","https://openalex.org/W1965228779","https://openalex.org/W1966574985","https://openalex.org/W1967829443","https://openalex.org/W1967986309","https://openalex.org/W1973410834","https://openalex.org/W1979332279","https://openalex.org/W1986984116","https://openalex.org/W1991281977","https://openalex.org/W1994374911","https://openalex.org/W1997608981","https://openalex.org/W1998143474","https://openalex.org/W2006798159","https://openalex.org/W2007856940","https://openalex.org/W2024373939","https://openalex.org/W2033582549","https://openalex.org/W2045001766","https://openalex.org/W2046864018","https://openalex.org/W2049215143","https://openalex.org/W2055689337","https://openalex.org/W2058666199","https://openalex.org/W2060014789","https://openalex.org/W2062663664","https://openalex.org/W2063792498","https://openalex.org/W2071587277","https://openalex.org/W2082752484","https://openalex.org/W2084990825","https://openalex.org/W2127808790","https://openalex.org/W2129951402","https://openalex.org/W2143811329","https://openalex.org/W2154315333","https://openalex.org/W2171508688","https://openalex.org/W2172466273","https://openalex.org/W2244366358","https://openalex.org/W2257161681","https://openalex.org/W2322056446","https://openalex.org/W2323671415","https://openalex.org/W2903149503","https://openalex.org/W3150700316","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021952893","https://openalex.org/W2072445620","https://openalex.org/W2047492316","https://openalex.org/W2094784001","https://openalex.org/W2108746741","https://openalex.org/W103492180","https://openalex.org/W2044806487","https://openalex.org/W2295303773","https://openalex.org/W2769238161","https://openalex.org/W2165195458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"intertidal":[1],"snails":[2],"form":[3],"aggregations":[4,52,66],"during":[5],"emersion":[6],"to":[7,37,93,104],"minimize":[8],"desiccation":[9],"stress.":[10],"Here":[11],"we":[12],"investigate":[13],"possible":[14],"mechanisms":[15,130],"for":[16],"the":[17,41,56,62,132,167,186],"evolution":[18,187],"of":[19,26,51,64,78,126,169,188],"such":[20],"behavior.":[21],"Two":[22],"behavioral":[23],"traits":[24,42],"(following":[25],"mucus":[27],"trails,":[28],"and":[29,149,157,162],"crevice":[30,122,147,151],"occupation),":[31],"which":[32,71],"both":[33,145,159],"provide":[34],"selective":[35],"advantages":[36],"individuals":[38,44],"that":[39,45,61,178],"possess":[40],"over":[43],"do":[46],"not,":[47],"result":[48],"in":[49,53,55,85,112,131,136,154,160,172,185],"self-organization":[50,179],"crevices":[54,155,161],"rock":[57],"surface.":[58],"We":[59,176],"suggest":[60],"existence":[63],"self-organizing":[65],"provides":[67],"a":[68,86],"mechanism":[69],"by":[70],"aggregation":[72,113,137],"behavior":[73,114,138],"can":[74,180],"evolve.":[75],"The":[76,124],"inclusion":[77,125],"an":[79,107,182],"explicitly":[80],"coded":[81],"third":[82],"behavior,":[83],"aggregation,":[84],"simulated":[87],"population":[88],"produces":[89],"patterns":[90],"statistically":[91],"similar":[92],"those":[94],"found":[95],"on":[96,118,142,163],"real":[97],"rocky":[98],"shores.":[99],"Allowing":[100],"these":[101],"three":[102],"behaviors":[103],"evolve":[105],"using":[106],"evolutionary":[108,174],"algorithm,":[109],"however,":[110,134],"results":[111,135],"being":[115],"selected":[116],"against":[117],"shores":[119,143],"with":[120,144],"high":[121,146],"density.":[123],"broadcast":[127],"spawning":[128],"dispersal":[129],"simulation,":[133],"evolving":[139],"as":[140],"predicted":[141],"density":[148,152],"low":[150],"(evolving":[153],"first,":[156],"then":[158],"flat":[164],"rock),":[165],"indicating":[166],"importance":[168],"environmental":[170],"interactions":[171],"understanding":[173],"processes.":[175],"propose":[177],"be":[181],"important":[183],"factor":[184],"group":[189],"behaviors.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}