{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2166465973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454699568818","title":"A New Structurally Dissolvable Self-Reproducing Loop Evolving in a Simple Cellular Automata Space","display_name":"A New Structurally Dissolvable Self-Reproducing Loop Evolving in a Simple Cellular Automata Space","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2166465973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454699568818","mag":"2166465973","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10829086"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454699568818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454699568818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052717630","display_name":"Hiroki Sayama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-5864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80397470","display_name":"New England Complex Systems Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/053bg5z25","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80397470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hiroki Sayama","raw_affiliation_strings":["New England Complex Systems Institute 24 Mt. Auburn St. Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New England Complex Systems Institute 24 Mt. Auburn St. Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80397470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052717630"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80397470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3897,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95924074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"343","last_page":"365"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-automaton","display_name":"Cellular automaton","score":0.834216833114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.7131460905075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolvability","display_name":"Evolvability","score":0.701640784740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.6065259575843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5582649111747742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.5413903594017029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5377310514450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5251961946487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.49539220333099365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4863908588886261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.48214098811149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-dynamics","display_name":"Evolutionary dynamics","score":0.47491583228111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-biology","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","score":0.4248523712158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4216136932373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.3855316638946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2701907157897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1371762752532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12643861770629883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.08246251940727234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35527583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189156","display_name":"Cellular automaton","level":2,"score":0.834216833114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.7131460905075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176147130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909622","display_name":"Evolvability","level":2,"score":0.701640784740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6065259575843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5582649111747742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5413903594017029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5377310514450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5251961946487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.49539220333099365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4863908588886261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.48214098811149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171578705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5418700","display_name":"Evolutionary dynamics","level":3,"score":0.47491583228111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.4248523712158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4216136932373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3855316638946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2701907157897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1371762752532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12643861770629883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.08246251940727234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002477","descriptor_name":"Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002477","descriptor_name":"Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002477","descriptor_name":"Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012098","descriptor_name":"Reproduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012098","descriptor_name":"Reproduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012098","descriptor_name":"Reproduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454699568818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454699568818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10829086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10829086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.4.1140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.4.1140","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mitpress.mit.edu/journals/ARTL/Sayama.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43807929","https://openalex.org/W135895241","https://openalex.org/W200355080","https://openalex.org/W1498880886","https://openalex.org/W1595841305","https://openalex.org/W1972076123","https://openalex.org/W1980661496","https://openalex.org/W2000214985","https://openalex.org/W2001024377","https://openalex.org/W2016387756","https://openalex.org/W2020084807","https://openalex.org/W2026965726","https://openalex.org/W2108704847","https://openalex.org/W2114058683","https://openalex.org/W2124823913","https://openalex.org/W2164199443","https://openalex.org/W2419418702","https://openalex.org/W2612506596","https://openalex.org/W4232588791","https://openalex.org/W4248257527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105160260","https://openalex.org/W2922935424","https://openalex.org/W2571877704","https://openalex.org/W2122461052","https://openalex.org/W1781524388","https://openalex.org/W2040177850","https://openalex.org/W2129140651","https://openalex.org/W4391766729","https://openalex.org/W77954637","https://openalex.org/W4387574341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"constructed":[1],"a":[2,8,119],"simple":[3],"evolutionary":[4,150],"system,":[5],"\"evoloop,\"":[6],"on":[7],"deterministic":[9],"nine-state":[10],"five-neighbor":[11],"cellular":[12],"automata":[13],"(CA)":[14],"space":[15,57],"by":[16,131],"improving":[17],"the":[18,42,47,55,62,73,86,107,113,145,149],"structurally":[19],"dissolvable":[20],"self-reproducing":[21,30],"loop":[22,31],"we":[23],"had":[24],"previously":[25],"contrived":[26],"[14]":[27],"after":[28],"Langton's":[29],"[7].":[32],"The":[33,67],"principal":[34],"role":[35],"of":[36,46,49,61,65,92,122,124,137,144,152],"this":[37],"improvement":[38],"is":[39,129],"to":[40,83,101],"enhance":[41],"adaptability":[43],"(a":[44],"degree":[45],"variety":[48],"situations":[50],"in":[51,54,161],"which":[52],"structures":[53],"CA":[56],"can":[58],"operate":[59],"regularly)":[60],"self-reproductive":[63,104],"mechanism":[64,79],"loops.":[66],"experiment":[68],"with":[69,72],"evoloop":[70],"met":[71],"intriguing":[74],"result":[75,117],"that,":[76],"though":[77],"no":[78],"was":[80],"explicitly":[81],"provided":[82],"promote":[84],"evolution,":[85],"loops":[87],"varied":[88],"through":[89],"direct":[90],"interaction":[91],"their":[93,102],"phenotypes,":[94],"smaller":[95],"individuals":[96],"were":[97],"naturally":[98],"selected":[99],"thanks":[100],"quicker":[103],"ability,":[105],"and":[106,139],"whole":[108],"population":[109],"gradually":[110],"evolved":[111],"toward":[112],"smallest":[114],"ones.":[115],"This":[116],"gives":[118],"unique":[120],"example":[121],"evolution":[123],"self-replicators":[125],"where":[126],"genotypical":[127],"variation":[128],"caused":[130],"precedent":[132],"phenotypical":[133],"variation.":[134],"Such":[135],"interrelation":[136],"genotype":[138],"phenotype":[140],"would":[141],"be":[142],"one":[143],"important":[146],"factors":[147],"driving":[148],"process":[151],"primitive":[153],"life":[154],"forms":[155],"that":[156],"might":[157],"have":[158],"actually":[159],"occurred":[160],"ancient":[162],"times.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
