{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103270041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454603322392497","title":"Viscous Populations and Their Support for Reciprocal Cooperation","display_name":"Viscous Populations and Their Support for Reciprocal Cooperation","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103270041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454603322392497","mag":"2103270041","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14556690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454603322392497","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454603322392497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010593676","display_name":"James A. R. Marshall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1506-167X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A. R. Marshall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Complex Systems Modelling Group, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Complex Systems Modelling Group, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112196936","display_name":"Jonathan E. Rowe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan E. Rowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,","School of Computer Science, University of Brimingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U. K.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Brimingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U. K.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96475629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"327","last_page":"334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10487","display_name":"Plant and animal studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reciprocal","display_name":"Reciprocal","score":0.8679277300834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.6505487561225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality","display_name":"Locality","score":0.6094063520431519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realization","display_name":"Realization (probability)","score":0.5868544578552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mating","display_name":"Mating","score":0.4819890856742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47483569383621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viscosity","display_name":"Viscosity","score":0.44997769594192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.339763879776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.18870240449905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.18304818868637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17620432376861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1567414104938507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.12167048454284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.09338024258613586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.067972332239151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777742833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964083","display_name":"Reciprocal","level":2,"score":0.8679277300834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.6505487561225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664603","display_name":"Locality","level":2,"score":0.6094063520431519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.5868544578552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514575182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228395","display_name":"Mating","level":2,"score":0.4819890856742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47483569383621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127172972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128709","display_name":"Viscosity","level":2,"score":0.44997769594192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.339763879776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.18870240449905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.18304818868637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17620432376861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1567414104938507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.12167048454284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09338024258613586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.067972332239151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003299","descriptor_name":"Cooperative Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003299","descriptor_name":"Cooperative Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003299","descriptor_name":"Cooperative Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014783","descriptor_name":"Viscosity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014783","descriptor_name":"Viscosity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014783","descriptor_name":"Viscosity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454603322392497","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454603322392497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14556690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14556690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/b201b782-45d1-4eb6-a822-b64a4007a614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/b201b782-45d1-4eb6-a822-b64a4007a614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Marshall, JAR & Rowe, JE 2003, 'Viscous populations and their support for reciprocal cooperation', Artificial Life, vol. 9 (3), pp. 327 - 334. https://doi.org/10.1162/106454603322392497","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.97.505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.97.505","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~jer/papers/viscous.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/ed8c3b6e-2c73-4182-a1e1-719b9d6956fc","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/ed8c3b6e-2c73-4182-a1e1-719b9d6956fc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Marshall, JAR & Rowe, J 2003, 'Viscous Populations and their Support for Reciprocal Co-operation', Artificial Life, vol. 9, pp. 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1162/106454603322392497","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57111020","https://openalex.org/W135895241","https://openalex.org/W1555120240","https://openalex.org/W1557023445","https://openalex.org/W1960351623","https://openalex.org/W1967829443","https://openalex.org/W1984585053","https://openalex.org/W2009921057","https://openalex.org/W2018291578","https://openalex.org/W2025490132","https://openalex.org/W2042198112","https://openalex.org/W2062663664","https://openalex.org/W2063792498","https://openalex.org/W2069275449","https://openalex.org/W2092387764","https://openalex.org/W2167030552","https://openalex.org/W2169688539","https://openalex.org/W2506344596"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2576147416","https://openalex.org/W2381880241","https://openalex.org/W2886384632","https://openalex.org/W2363648756","https://openalex.org/W2626799276","https://openalex.org/W2589307556","https://openalex.org/W2160339980","https://openalex.org/W4249758101","https://openalex.org/W1970102182","https://openalex.org/W1752224361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Viscous":[0],"populations":[1,53],"(those":[2],"whose":[3],"members":[4],"are":[5],"spatially":[6,72],"distributed":[7,73],"and":[8,12,16,40],"have":[9,18],"limited":[10],"mobility":[11],"locality":[13],"of":[14,25,36,51,58],"interaction":[15],"mating)":[17],"been":[19],"proposed":[20],"to":[21,89],"support":[22,59],"the":[23,46,78],"evolution":[24],"reciprocal":[26,61],"cooperation":[27],"among":[28],"self-interested":[29],"individuals.":[30],"Here":[31],"we":[32,64],"present":[33],"a":[34,38,71,90],"model":[35,68],"such":[37],"population":[39,74,95],"describe":[41],"how":[42],"its":[43],"examination":[44],"yielded":[45],"realization":[47],"that":[48],"different":[49],"classes":[50],"viscous":[52],"exist":[54],"with":[55,75],"differing":[56],"levels":[57],"for":[60],"cooperation.":[62],"Specifically":[63],"find":[65],"from":[66],"our":[67],"that,":[69],"in":[70,93],"increased":[76],"viscosity,":[77],"reciprocally":[79],"cooperative":[80],"tit-for-tat":[81],"strategy":[82],"may":[83],"not":[84],"be":[85],"globally":[86],"stable":[87],"due":[88],"corresponding":[91],"increase":[92],"local":[94],"density.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
