{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168315847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454601300328025","title":"Digital Life Behavior in the Amoeba World","display_name":"Digital Life Behavior in the Amoeba World","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168315847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454601300328025","mag":"2168315847","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11461689"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454601300328025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454601300328025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045059044","display_name":"A. N. Pargellis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. N. Pargellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ 07974,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ 07974,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045059044"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.444,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88727273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"63","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13362","display_name":"Slime Mold and Myxomycetes Research","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13362","display_name":"Slime Mold and Myxomycetes Research","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9412999749183655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9352999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amoeba","display_name":"Amoeba (genus)","score":0.9165363311767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.742718517780304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subroutine","display_name":"Subroutine","score":0.6508368253707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6398305892944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5310068130493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4502319097518921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.21986228227615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17010602355003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.13811403512954712}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776172558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46729","display_name":"Amoeba (genus)","level":2,"score":0.9165363311767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.742718517780304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96147967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190686","display_name":"Subroutine","level":2,"score":0.6508368253707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6398305892944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5310068130493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4502319097518921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.21986228227615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17010602355003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13811403512954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069497","descriptor_name":"Origin of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069497","descriptor_name":"Origin of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069497","descriptor_name":"Origin of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454601300328025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454601300328025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11461689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11461689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601104039","https://openalex.org/W1602132379","https://openalex.org/W1984252786","https://openalex.org/W1994584977","https://openalex.org/W2000214985","https://openalex.org/W2025931510","https://openalex.org/W2058174343","https://openalex.org/W2064816022","https://openalex.org/W2088944761","https://openalex.org/W2093563961","https://openalex.org/W2121353063","https://openalex.org/W2124823913","https://openalex.org/W2126160338","https://openalex.org/W2180641318","https://openalex.org/W2952968008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391861012","https://openalex.org/W2488336788","https://openalex.org/W4285469493","https://openalex.org/W1593224248","https://openalex.org/W2375766869","https://openalex.org/W2080384954","https://openalex.org/W4382519933","https://openalex.org/W3151465598","https://openalex.org/W2368144149","https://openalex.org/W316204541"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Amoeba":[0,42,63],"is":[1,58,74,85],"a":[2,50,65,78,83],"computer":[3],"model":[4],"designed":[5],"to":[6,77],"facilitate":[7],"the":[8,11,44,90,95],"study":[9],"of":[10,15,24,27,41,53,67,72,97],"origin":[12],"and":[13],"evolution":[14],"digital":[16],"life.":[17],"Specifically,":[18],"an":[19,32,119],"initially":[20],"disordered":[21],"system,":[22],"consisting":[23],"random":[25],"sequences":[26],"machine":[28,55,79],"instructions,":[29],"self-organizes":[30],"into":[31],"ordered":[33],"system":[34,107],"containing":[35],"self-replicating":[36],"programs.":[37],"The":[38],"current":[39],"version":[40],"broadens":[43],"original":[45],"system's":[46],"capability":[47],"by":[48],"using":[49],"basis":[51],"set":[52,66],"32":[54],"instructions":[56],"that":[57,92,115],"computationally":[59],"universal.":[60],"In":[61],"addition,":[62],"uses":[64],"64":[68],"address":[69],"labels,":[70],"each":[71,81],"which":[73],"randomly":[75,86],"assigned":[76],"instruction":[80],"time":[82],"sequence":[84],"created.":[87],"This":[88],"eliminates":[89],"constraint":[91],"occurs":[93],"when":[94],"complements":[96],"predefined":[98],"codons":[99],"are":[100,116],"used":[101],"for":[102],"addressing.":[103],"A":[104],"more":[105],"open-ended":[106],"results":[108],"because":[109],"programs":[110],"can":[111],"now":[112],"form":[113],"subroutines":[114],"arranged":[117],"in":[118],"arbitrary":[120],"manner.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}