{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1514948686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600568375","title":"Artificial Life: Discipline or Method? Report on a Debate Held at ECAL '99","display_name":"Artificial Life: Discipline or Method? Report on a Debate Held at ECAL '99","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1514948686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600568375","mag":"1514948686","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10953251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454600568375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600568375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113441394","display_name":"Jason Noble","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","display_name":"Max Planck Society","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhn8329","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120221","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02pp7px91","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210120221"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Noble","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition MPI f\u00fcr Bildungsforschung, Berlin","Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Max Planck Society"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition MPI f\u00fcr Bildungsforschung, Berlin","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Max Planck Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210120221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052396839","display_name":"Seth Bullock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4371-5965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","display_name":"Max Planck Society","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhn8329","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120221","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02pp7px91","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210120221"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seth Bullock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics Research Institute School of Computer Studies, University of Leeds","Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Max Planck Society"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Research Institute School of Computer Studies, University of Leeds","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Max Planck Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210120221"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045422624","display_name":"Ezequiel A. DiPaolo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29955533","display_name":"Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jh5a977","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I29955533"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ezequiel A. Di Paolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["GMD\u2014German National Research Center for Information Technology (AiS)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GMD\u2014German National Research Center for Information Technology (AiS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178","https://openalex.org/I29955533"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13377309,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"145","last_page":"148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.7753999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.7753999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.525691032409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-life","display_name":"Artificial life","score":0.5032820105552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3410533666610718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.525691032409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19273510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263847","display_name":"Artificial life","level":2,"score":0.5032820105552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3410533666610718}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454600568375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600568375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10953251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10953251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:1258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:edoc.mpg.de:191024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://edoc.mpg.de/191024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922265","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference-Report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_2102679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0025-9BE2-C","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"mag:1514948686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2102679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418309","display_name":"European Conference on Artificial Life","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"European Conference on Artificial Life","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"can":[1,24,55],"artificial":[2],"life":[3],"(AL)":[4],"advance":[5],"scientific":[6,95],"understanding?":[7],"Is":[8],"AL":[9,35],"best":[10],"seen":[11],"as":[12,16,75],"a":[13,17,68,91,125],"new
\\ndiscipline,":[14],"or":[15],"collection":[18],"of":[19,34,51,77,99,106,134],"novel":[20],"computational":[21],"methods":[22],"that":[23,31,54,119],"be":[25,56],"applied":[26,57],"to":[27,41,44,89,157],"old
\\nproblems?":[28],"And":[29],"given":[30],"the":[32,59,78,85,94,132,164],"products":[33],"research":[36],"range":[37],"from":[38,136],"abstract":[39],"existence
\\nproofs":[40],"working":[42],"robots":[43],"detailed":[45],"simulation":[46],"models,":[47],"are":[48],"there":[49],"standards":[50],"quality
\\nor":[52],"usefulness":[53],"across":[58],"whole":[60],"field?":[61],"On":[62],"September":[63],"16th,":[64],"1999":[65],"in
\\nLausanne,":[66],"Switzerland,":[67],"debate":[69],"on":[70,81],"these":[71,107],"questions":[72],"was":[73,155],"held":[74],"part":[76],"Fifth":[79],"European
\\nConference":[80],"Artificial":[82],"Life.":[83],"As":[84],"organizers,":[86],"we":[87,117],"wanted":[88],"foster":[90],"constructive
\\ndiscussion":[92],"regarding":[93],"status,":[96],"and":[97,152],"future,":[98],"AL.":[100],"We":[101],"were":[102,145],"well":[103],"aware":[104],"that
\\nsome":[105],"issues":[108],"had":[109],"been":[110],"raised":[111],"before":[112],"(e.g.,":[113],"Miller":[114],"[2])":[115],"but":[116,159],"felt":[118],"earlier":[120],"treatments
\\nhad":[121],"perhaps":[122],"not":[123,162],"reached":[124],"wide":[126],"enough":[127],"audience.":[128],"The":[129],"format":[130],"for":[131],"debate
\\nconsisted":[133],"contributions":[135],"invited":[137],"panelists":[138],"followed":[139],"by":[140],"an":[141],"open":[142],"discussion.":[143],"The
\\npanelists":[144],"Chris":[146],"Langton,":[147],"Mark":[148],"Bedau,":[149],"Simon":[150],"Kirby,":[151],"Inman":[153],"Harvey\u2014Hiroaki
\\nKitano":[154],"scheduled":[156],"participate":[158],"regrettably":[160],"could":[161],"attend":[163],"conference.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}