{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125673923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103683","title":"Open Problems in Artificial Life","display_name":"Open Problems in Artificial Life","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125673923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103683","mag":"2125673923","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11348587"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454600300103683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055738163","display_name":"Mark A. Bedau","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55486353","display_name":"Reed College","ror":"https://ror.org/00a6ram87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark A. Bedau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97202, USA,","The first four authors shared the primary responsibility for writing this document"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97202, USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The first four authors shared the primary responsibility for writing this document","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057541113","display_name":"John S. McCaskill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3408-7357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John S. McCaskill","raw_affiliation_strings":["German National Research Center for Information Technology, Schloss, Birlinghoven, D-53754 Germany,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German National Research Center for Information Technology, Schloss, Birlinghoven, D-53754 Germany,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024595724","display_name":"Norman H. Packard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-714X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101304","display_name":"Prediction Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01abzsb47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101304"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Norman H. Packard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prediction Company, 236 Montezuma St., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prediction Company, 236 Montezuma St., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088930078","display_name":"Steen Rasmussen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3336-843X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steen Rasmussen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS-D450, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS-D450, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031224365","display_name":"Christoph Adami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-9504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris Adami","raw_affiliation_strings":["California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340819","display_name":"David Green","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9488-6601"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David G. Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental and Information Science, Charles Stuart University, Albury NSW 2640 Australia,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental and Information Science, Charles Stuart University, Albury NSW 2640 Australia,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102815250","display_name":"Takashi Ikegami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2850-4844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Takashi Ikegami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physics, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153 Japan,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153 Japan,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053417186","display_name":"Kunihiko Kaneko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-8587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kunihiko Kaneko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153 Japan,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153 Japan,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110273230","display_name":"Thomas S. Ray","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas S. Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024595724","https://openalex.org/A5031224365","https://openalex.org/A5053417186","https://openalex.org/A5055738163","https://openalex.org/A5057541113","https://openalex.org/A5088930078","https://openalex.org/A5100340819","https://openalex.org/A5102815250","https://openalex.org/A5110273230"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I143379178","https://openalex.org/I4210101304","https://openalex.org/I55486353","https://openalex.org/I74801974","https://openalex.org/I8692664"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.1782,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":304,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98185744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"363","last_page":"376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9585999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-life","display_name":"Artificial life","score":0.8745592832565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6429696679115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48765313625335693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19273510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263847","display_name":"Artificial life","level":2,"score":0.8745592832565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6429696679115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48765313625335693}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001330","descriptor_name":"Electronic Data Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001330","descriptor_name":"Electronic Data Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001330","descriptor_name":"Electronic Data Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004989","descriptor_name":"Ethics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004989","descriptor_name":"Ethics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004989","descriptor_name":"Ethics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019369","descriptor_name":"Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019369","descriptor_name":"Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019369","descriptor_name":"Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454600300103683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11348587","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11348587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:13564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BEDal00","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402161","display_name":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138704092","https://openalex.org/W1496040402","https://openalex.org/W1593907479","https://openalex.org/W1600338860","https://openalex.org/W1659842140","https://openalex.org/W1675572849","https://openalex.org/W1765868291","https://openalex.org/W1811781384","https://openalex.org/W1976769859","https://openalex.org/W2001024377","https://openalex.org/W2010664991","https://openalex.org/W2025931510","https://openalex.org/W2033311041","https://openalex.org/W2035791902","https://openalex.org/W2068712558","https://openalex.org/W2087895317","https://openalex.org/W2121383918","https://openalex.org/W2124823913","https://openalex.org/W2128557553","https://openalex.org/W2131590271","https://openalex.org/W2154527908","https://openalex.org/W2493894436","https://openalex.org/W2624262714","https://openalex.org/W3121311682","https://openalex.org/W3152938074"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2537246788","https://openalex.org/W4214553788","https://openalex.org/W2091786736","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2363328217"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"lists":[2],"fourteen":[3],"open":[4],"problems":[5],"in":[6],"artificial":[7],"life,":[8],"each":[9],"of":[10],"which":[11],"is":[12,29],"a":[13,17,21],"grand":[14],"challenge":[15],"requiring":[16],"major":[18],"advance":[19],"on":[20],"fundamental":[22],"issue":[23],"for":[24],"its":[25,40],"solution.":[26],"Each":[27],"problem":[28],"briefly":[30],"explained,":[31],"and,":[32],"where":[33],"deemed":[34],"helpful,":[35],"some":[36],"promising":[37],"paths":[38],"to":[39],"solution":[41],"are":[42],"indicated.":[43]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}