{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2133001968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103665","title":"Exploring the Relationship between Neutral and Selective Mutations in Cancer","display_name":"Exploring the Relationship between Neutral and Selective Mutations in Cancer","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2133001968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103665","mag":"2133001968","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11348585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454600300103665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062132898","display_name":"Carlo C. Maley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0745-7076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089486","display_name":"Fred Hutch Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/007ps6h72","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlo C. Maley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science UNM Albuquerque, NM 87131","Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98109"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science UNM Albuquerque, NM 87131","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98109","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114376382","display_name":"Stephanie Forrest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-1646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308548392","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Forrest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science UNM Albuquerque, NM 87131","Santa Fe Institute 1399 Hyde Park Road Santa Fe, NM 87501"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science UNM Albuquerque, NM 87131","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Fe Institute 1399 Hyde Park Road Santa Fe, NM 87501","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062132898","https://openalex.org/A5114376382"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392","https://openalex.org/I4210089486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1369,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5313783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"325","last_page":"345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11287","display_name":"Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11287","display_name":"Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11829","display_name":"Mathematical Biology Tumor Growth","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation","display_name":"Mutation","score":0.7194024920463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.6550089120864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutral-mutation","display_name":"Neutral mutation","score":0.5946176648139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-cell","display_name":"Cancer cell","score":0.5835704803466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation-rate","display_name":"Mutation rate","score":0.522881031036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.5191351771354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenotype","display_name":"Phenotype","score":0.5155229568481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutral-theory-of-molecular-evolution","display_name":"Neutral theory of molecular evolution","score":0.5036241412162781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.4518364369869232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-biology","display_name":"Computational biology","score":0.37670665979385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.21537631750106812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501734568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918","display_name":"Mutation","level":3,"score":0.7194024920463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.6550089120864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149129301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3883802","display_name":"Neutral mutation","level":3,"score":0.5946176648139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96232424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118072","display_name":"Cancer cell","level":3,"score":0.5835704803466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98638677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067051","display_name":"Mutation rate","level":3,"score":0.522881031036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5191351771354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.5155229568481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1570309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055017","display_name":"Neutral theory of molecular evolution","level":3,"score":0.5036241412162781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.4518364369869232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.37670665979385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.21537631750106812}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000230","descriptor_name":"Adenocarcinoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000230","descriptor_name":"Adenocarcinoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000230","descriptor_name":"Adenocarcinoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000230","descriptor_name":"Adenocarcinoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000230","descriptor_name":"Adenocarcinoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000230","descriptor_name":"Adenocarcinoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001471","descriptor_name":"Barrett Esophagus","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001471","descriptor_name":"Barrett Esophagus","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001471","descriptor_name":"Barrett Esophagus","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001471","descriptor_name":"Barrett Esophagus","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001471","descriptor_name":"Barrett Esophagus","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001471","descriptor_name":"Barrett Esophagus","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004938","descriptor_name":"Esophageal Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004938","descriptor_name":"Esophageal Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004938","descriptor_name":"Esophageal Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004938","descriptor_name":"Esophageal Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004938","descriptor_name":"Esophageal Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004938","descriptor_name":"Esophageal Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011230","descriptor_name":"Precancerous Conditions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011230","descriptor_name":"Precancerous Conditions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011230","descriptor_name":"Precancerous Conditions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/106454600300103665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11348585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11348585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial life","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.24.4713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.24.4713","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cs.unm.edu/%7Eforrest/publications/cancerprob-journal.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135895241","https://openalex.org/W1439558430","https://openalex.org/W1544851750","https://openalex.org/W1566107011","https://openalex.org/W1573413333","https://openalex.org/W1573684932","https://openalex.org/W1579641819","https://openalex.org/W1587097439","https://openalex.org/W1967304777","https://openalex.org/W1975817860","https://openalex.org/W1976529074","https://openalex.org/W1984595054","https://openalex.org/W1987787926","https://openalex.org/W1999275729","https://openalex.org/W2001258296","https://openalex.org/W2003420216","https://openalex.org/W2018297481","https://openalex.org/W2029080338","https://openalex.org/W2034269086","https://openalex.org/W2034697904","https://openalex.org/W2043648949","https://openalex.org/W2059956556","https://openalex.org/W2064037834","https://openalex.org/W2065423665","https://openalex.org/W2066861312","https://openalex.org/W2072384136","https://openalex.org/W2078136635","https://openalex.org/W2079680569","https://openalex.org/W2082470200","https://openalex.org/W2091723114","https://openalex.org/W2095550112","https://openalex.org/W2101947806","https://openalex.org/W2115740039","https://openalex.org/W2166346409","https://openalex.org/W2245585303","https://openalex.org/W2322697843","https://openalex.org/W2329428272","https://openalex.org/W2330077175","https://openalex.org/W2334572072","https://openalex.org/W2409395041","https://openalex.org/W2417279925","https://openalex.org/W2752853835","https://openalex.org/W4232701668","https://openalex.org/W4248142848","https://openalex.org/W4291673854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231435815","https://openalex.org/W2134820138","https://openalex.org/W2018137141","https://openalex.org/W2942622220","https://openalex.org/W2058212562","https://openalex.org/W2147261093","https://openalex.org/W4255329435","https://openalex.org/W4293320311","https://openalex.org/W2573928980","https://openalex.org/W2103736819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57,106,138],"transformation":[1],"of":[2,13,23,34,40,53,66,72,87,123,148,160,166],"normal":[3],"cells":[4,7,15],"into":[5],"cancerous":[6],"is":[8],"an":[9],"evolutionary":[10],"process.":[11],"Populations":[12],"precancerous":[14],"reproduce,":[16],"mutate,":[17],"and":[18,43,125],"compete":[19],"for":[20,69,102,120,157],"resources.":[21],"Some":[22],"these":[24,46,88],"mutations":[25,67,89,96,118,144,155],"eventually":[26],"lead":[27],"to":[28,62],"cancer.":[29],"We":[30,81],"calculate":[31],"the":[32,54,64,70,85,99,103,121,146,152,158,162,164],"probability":[33],"developing":[35,167],"cancer":[36,73,124],"under":[37],"a":[38,50,91],"set":[39],"simplifying":[41],"assumptions":[42],"then":[44],"elaborate":[45],"calculations,":[47],"culminating":[48],"in":[49],"simple":[51],"simulation":[52],"cell":[55],"dynamics.":[56],"agent-based":[58],"model":[59,139],"allows":[60],"us":[61],"examine":[63,84],"interactions":[65],"critical":[68],"development":[71,122,147,159],"that":[74,97,109,126,142,151],"are":[75],"either":[76],"evolutionarily":[77],"neutral":[78,117],"or":[79],"selective.":[80],"can":[82],"also":[83,140],"interaction":[86],"with":[90],"\"mutator":[92],"phenotype\"":[93],"derived":[94],"from":[95],"raise":[98],"mutation":[100],"rate":[101],"entire":[104],"cell.":[105],"simulations":[107],"suggest":[108],"there":[110],"must":[111],"be":[112,130],"at":[113],"least":[114],"two":[115],"selectively":[116],"necessary":[119,156],"preventive":[127],"treatments":[128],"will":[129],"most":[131],"effective":[132],"when":[133],"they":[134],"increase":[135],"this":[136],"number.":[137],"suggests":[141],"selective":[143,154],"facilitate":[145],"cancer,":[149,161],"so":[150],"more":[153],"greater":[163],"chance":[165],"it.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
