{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051777484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365603322365298","title":"Analysis and Improvement of Fitness Exploitation in XCS: Bounding Models, Tournament Selection, and Bilateral Accuracy","display_name":"Analysis and Improvement of Fitness Exploitation in XCS: Bounding Models, Tournament Selection, and Bilateral Accuracy","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051777484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365603322365298","mag":"2051777484","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14558912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/106365603322365298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365603322365298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38677346","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1063-6560","issn":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075919503","display_name":"Martin V. Butz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-8537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin V. Butz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110057218","display_name":"David E. Goldberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David E. Goldberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088597087","display_name":"Kurian Tharakunnel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurian Tharakunnel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.0051,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":114,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98689969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"239","last_page":"277"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tournament-selection","display_name":"Tournament selection","score":0.7745987176895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.645163357257843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-approximation","display_name":"Fitness approximation","score":0.6145620942115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5931060314178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.591316282749176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.5857334733009338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilemma","display_name":"Dilemma","score":0.5585553050041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5531208515167236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.5514494180679321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tournament","display_name":"Tournament","score":0.4310660660266876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"Fitness function","score":0.3064875304698944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.297496497631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2570277452468872}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165661538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7829327","display_name":"Tournament selection","level":3,"score":0.7745987176895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.645163357257843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148392497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16250539","display_name":"Fitness approximation","level":4,"score":0.6145620942115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5931060314178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.591316282749176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5857334733009338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.5585553050041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5531208515167236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5514494180679321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136975688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320634","display_name":"Tournament","level":2,"score":0.4310660660266876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.3064875304698944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.297496497631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2570277452468872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019143","descriptor_name":"Evolution, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019143","descriptor_name":"Evolution, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019143","descriptor_name":"Evolution, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/106365603322365298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365603322365298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38677346","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1063-6560","issn":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14558912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14558912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.13.3667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.3667","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp-illigal.ge.uiuc.edu/pub/papers/IlliGALs/2002027.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36551570","https://openalex.org/W41236482","https://openalex.org/W174054909","https://openalex.org/W188191918","https://openalex.org/W195633326","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1506349967","https://openalex.org/W1511618494","https://openalex.org/W1511791572","https://openalex.org/W1546937057","https://openalex.org/W1548227173","https://openalex.org/W1568834902","https://openalex.org/W1572356254","https://openalex.org/W1584428002","https://openalex.org/W1589018387","https://openalex.org/W1592894394","https://openalex.org/W1639032689","https://openalex.org/W1787544972","https://openalex.org/W1989101984","https://openalex.org/W2043003550","https://openalex.org/W2052153221","https://openalex.org/W2084028892","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2134367663","https://openalex.org/W2139281265","https://openalex.org/W2177411989","https://openalex.org/W2477329842","https://openalex.org/W2895774836","https://openalex.org/W2912511962","https://openalex.org/W3154803405","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2156671362","https://openalex.org/W3040212610","https://openalex.org/W2137407971","https://openalex.org/W2444625575","https://openalex.org/W3029891807","https://openalex.org/W3146034555","https://openalex.org/W1572785861","https://openalex.org/W2350426988","https://openalex.org/W4285805368","https://openalex.org/W2051777484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,13,209],"evolutionary":[1,21,61,128,195],"learning":[2,196],"mechanism":[3],"in":[4,19,49,66,94,98,105,111,164,219,225,227],"XCS":[5,112,147,218,226],"strongly":[6],"depends":[7],"on":[8],"its":[9],"accuracy-based":[10,91,138],"fitness":[11,43,56,92,132,139,150,157,176,223],"approach.":[12],"approach":[14,224],"is":[15,113,134,199],"meant":[16],"to":[17,28,40,63,77,122,125,140,146,148,189,201,213],"result":[18],"an":[20,194],"drive":[22],"from":[23],"classifiers":[24],"of":[25,30,73,193,217],"low":[26],"accuracy":[27,173],"those":[29],"high":[31],"accuracy.":[32,83],"Since,":[33],"given":[34],"inaccuracy,":[35],"lower":[36,41,74],"specificity":[37],"often":[38,46],"corresponds":[39],"accuracy,":[42],"pressure":[44,51,57,151],"most":[45],"also":[47,187,211],"results":[48,93,163],"a":[50,103,131,165],"towards":[52],"higher":[53,82],"specificity.":[54],"Moreover,":[55,130],"should":[58],"cause":[59],"the":[60,101,106,156,175,179,190,214,222],"process":[62],"be":[64,123,141],"innovative":[65],"that":[67,120,136,198],"it":[68],"combines":[69],"low-order":[70],"building":[71,79],"blocks":[72,80],"accurate":[75],"classifiers,":[76],"higher-order":[78],"with":[81],"This":[84],"paper":[85,210],"investigates":[86],"how,":[87],"when,":[88],"and":[89,154,170,221],"where":[90],"successful":[95],"rule":[96],"evolution":[97],"XCS.":[99],"Along":[100],"way,":[102],"weakness":[104],"current":[107],"proportionate":[108],"selection":[109,162],"method":[110],"identified.":[114],"Several":[115],"problem":[116],"bounds":[117],"are":[118,144],"derived":[119],"need":[121],"obeyed":[124],"enable":[126],"proper":[127],"pressure.":[129],"dilemma":[133],"identified":[135],"causes":[137],"misleading.":[142],"Improvements":[143],"introduced":[145],"make":[149],"more":[152],"robust":[153],"overcome":[155],"dilemma.":[158,177],"Specifically,":[159],"(1)":[160],"tournament":[161],"much":[166],"better":[167],"fitness-bias":[168],"exploitation,":[169],"(2)":[171],"bilateral":[172],"prevents":[174],"While":[178],"improvements":[180],"stand":[181],"for":[182],"themselves,":[183],"we":[184],"believe":[185],"they":[186],"contribute":[188],"ultimate":[191],"goal":[192],"system":[197],"able":[200],"solve":[202],"decomposable":[203],"machine-learning":[204],"problems":[205],"quickly,":[206],"accurately,and":[207],"reliably.":[208],"contributes":[212],"further":[215],"understanding":[216],"general":[220],"particular.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
