{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058657545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568257","title":"Architecture for an Artificial Immune System","display_name":"Architecture for an Artificial Immune System","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058657545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568257","mag":"2058657545","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11130924"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/106365600568257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38677346","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1063-6560","issn":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016671058","display_name":"Steven Hofmeyr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3299-472X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steven A. Hofmeyr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114376382","display_name":"Stephanie Forrest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-1646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308548392","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Forrest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Santa Fe Institute 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA","Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Fe Institute 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016671058"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.0409,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":867,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99906666,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"443","last_page":"473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-immune-system","display_name":"Artificial immune system","score":0.8314658999443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7635294198989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.679303765296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-computing","display_name":"Natural computing","score":0.6353490352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.6256471872329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5676524639129639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5409646034240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4553412199020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4542964994907379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-system","display_name":"Adaptive system","score":0.44587376713752747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.42195767164230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10298353433609009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93768804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518735","display_name":"Artificial immune system","level":2,"score":0.8314658999443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7635294198989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.679303765296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192979234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176890","display_name":"Natural computing","level":2,"score":0.6353490352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.6256471872329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5676524639129639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5409646034240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4553412199020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4542964994907379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.44587376713752747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42195767164230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10298353433609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007107","descriptor_name":"Immune System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007107","descriptor_name":"Immune System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007107","descriptor_name":"Immune System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/106365600568257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38677346","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1063-6560","issn":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11130924","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11130924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.31.7474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.31.7474","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cs.unm.edu/pub/forrest/hofmeyr_forrest.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.43.4853","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.4853","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.unm.edu/~steveah/ecs.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43336110","https://openalex.org/W48808893","https://openalex.org/W87403065","https://openalex.org/W125273950","https://openalex.org/W171669346","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1504127614","https://openalex.org/W1541939527","https://openalex.org/W1566766802","https://openalex.org/W1598022263","https://openalex.org/W1941427975","https://openalex.org/W1965900296","https://openalex.org/W1967612688","https://openalex.org/W1981932944","https://openalex.org/W2001359861","https://openalex.org/W2002286749","https://openalex.org/W2003652884","https://openalex.org/W2025842514","https://openalex.org/W2076526693","https://openalex.org/W2097193094","https://openalex.org/W2103042216","https://openalex.org/W2109845050","https://openalex.org/W2109947782","https://openalex.org/W2111817346","https://openalex.org/W2113970724","https://openalex.org/W2117002131","https://openalex.org/W2126345423","https://openalex.org/W2128217000","https://openalex.org/W2152448081","https://openalex.org/W2152632951","https://openalex.org/W2158500407","https://openalex.org/W2261321112","https://openalex.org/W2338717024","https://openalex.org/W3105682467","https://openalex.org/W3121147667","https://openalex.org/W3215907522","https://openalex.org/W4230205695","https://openalex.org/W4232155885","https://openalex.org/W4232872328"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987409039","https://openalex.org/W2274379716","https://openalex.org/W2381869356","https://openalex.org/W2562838041","https://openalex.org/W2384108410","https://openalex.org/W2540152232","https://openalex.org/W2383254572","https://openalex.org/W1006157206","https://openalex.org/W2362522936","https://openalex.org/W2380706723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"artificial":[1],"immune":[2,13],"system":[3,36,63],"(ARTIS)":[4],"is":[5,28,50,67],"described":[6,68],"which":[7],"incorporates":[8],"many":[9,44],"properties":[10],"of":[11,58],"natural":[12],"systems,":[14],"including":[15],"diversity,":[16],"distributed":[17,34],"computation,":[18],"error":[19],"tolerance,":[20],"dynamic":[21],"learning":[22],"and":[23,25,37,69,85,89],"adaptation,":[24],"self-monitoring.":[26],"ARTIS":[27,49,88],"a":[29,33,59],"general":[30],"framework":[31],"for":[32],"adaptive":[35],"could,":[38],"in":[39,55],"principle,":[40],"be":[41,72],"applied":[42,51],"to":[43,52,71],"domains.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"computer":[53],"security":[54],"the":[56],"form":[57],"network":[60],"intrusion":[61],"detection":[62],"called":[64],"LISYS.":[65],"LISYS":[66],"shown":[70],"effective":[73],"at":[74],"detecting":[75],"intrusions,":[76],"while":[77],"maintaining":[78],"low":[79],"false":[80],"positive":[81],"rates.":[82],"Finally,":[83],"similarities":[84],"differences":[86],"between":[87],"Holland's":[90],"classifier":[91],"systems":[92],"are":[93],"discussed.":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":37}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
