{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125899728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568202","title":"Comparison of Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms: Empirical Results","display_name":"Comparison of Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms: Empirical Results","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125899728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568202","mag":"2125899728","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10843520"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/106365600568202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38677346","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1063-6560","issn":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031698269","display_name":"Eckart Zitzler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eckart Zitzler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 8092 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088394271","display_name":"Kalyanmoy Deb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7402-9939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalyanmoy Deb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, PIN 208 016, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, PIN 208 016, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060999697","display_name":"Lothar Thiele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6139-868X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lothar Thiele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 8092 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031698269"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":77.939,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5607,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99977861,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"173","last_page":"195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.7634730339050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","score":0.6927402019500732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5458704233169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5326312184333801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","score":0.42544087767601013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.41775578260421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3642679452896118}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.7634730339050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.6927402019500732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5458704233169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5326312184333801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.42544087767601013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.41775578260421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3642679452896118}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011156","descriptor_name":"Population Density","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011156","descriptor_name":"Population Density","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011156","descriptor_name":"Population Density","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/106365600568202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38677346","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1063-6560","issn":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10843520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10843520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.105.5926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.105.5926","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://sci2s.ugr.es/docencia/cursoMieres/EC-2000-Comparison.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.30.5848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.30.5848","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.tik.ee.ethz.ch/pub/people/zitzler/ZDT2000.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.35.2374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.35.2374","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.lania.mx/~ccoello/EMOO/zitzler99b.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.45.1144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.45.1144","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.tik.ee.ethz.ch/pub/people/zitzler/ZDT1999.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.637.2185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.637.2185","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/sop/publicationListFiles/zdt2000a.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308269","display_name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/012kf4317"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64234543","https://openalex.org/W275128975","https://openalex.org/W1487567463","https://openalex.org/W1504943474","https://openalex.org/W1532399581","https://openalex.org/W1558919105","https://openalex.org/W1559956479","https://openalex.org/W1561435851","https://openalex.org/W1572960541","https://openalex.org/W1573534773","https://openalex.org/W1580160831","https://openalex.org/W1612556207","https://openalex.org/W1792149802","https://openalex.org/W1820211670","https://openalex.org/W1905847227","https://openalex.org/W1966253115","https://openalex.org/W2012041274","https://openalex.org/W2102248717","https://openalex.org/W2106334424","https://openalex.org/W2116661285","https://openalex.org/W2121365620","https://openalex.org/W2126926002","https://openalex.org/W2135864487","https://openalex.org/W2137142533","https://openalex.org/W2140066605","https://openalex.org/W2143301580","https://openalex.org/W2147968712","https://openalex.org/W2152150600","https://openalex.org/W2152551290","https://openalex.org/W2161055009","https://openalex.org/W2261054240","https://openalex.org/W3023540311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318426920","https://openalex.org/W2055791821","https://openalex.org/W4297582752","https://openalex.org/W4285805405","https://openalex.org/W2906115061","https://openalex.org/W2977596624","https://openalex.org/W85101999","https://openalex.org/W2153873031","https://openalex.org/W570431388","https://openalex.org/W2637862190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"provide":[4,107],"a":[5,25,68,89],"systematic":[6],"comparison":[7],"of":[8,64,91],"various":[9],"evolutionary":[10,36,125],"approaches":[11],"to":[12,31,42,60,66,80,110,118],"multiobjective":[13,112,126],"optimization":[14,37],"using":[15],"six":[16],"carefully":[17],"chosen":[18],"test":[19,22,105],"functions.":[20],"Each":[21],"function":[23],"involves":[24],"particular":[26],"feature":[27],"that":[28,102],"is":[29,58,71,73,116],"known":[30],"cause":[32],"difficulty":[33],"in":[34,40,78],"the":[35,43,62,85,92,97,103],"process,":[38],"mainly":[39],"converging":[41],"Pareto-optimal":[44],"front":[45],"(e.g.,":[46],"multimodality":[47],"and":[48],"deception).":[49],"By":[50],"investigating":[51],"these":[52],"different":[53],"problem":[54],"features":[55],"separately,":[56],"it":[57],"possible":[59],"predict":[61],"kind":[63],"problems":[65],"which":[67],"certain":[69],"technique":[70],"or":[72],"not":[74],"well":[75],"suited.":[76],"However,":[77],"contrast":[79],"what":[81],"was":[82],"suspected":[83],"beforehand,":[84],"experimental":[86],"results":[87],"indicate":[88],"hierarchy":[90],"algorithms":[93],"under":[94],"consideration.":[95],"Furthermore,":[96],"emerging":[98],"effects":[99],"are":[100],"evidence":[101],"suggested":[104],"functions":[106],"sufficient":[108],"complexity":[109],"compare":[111],"optimizers.":[113],"Finally,":[114],"elitism":[115],"shown":[117],"be":[119],"an":[120],"important":[121],"factor":[122],"for":[123],"improving":[124],"search.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":91},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":280},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":240},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":303},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":299},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":333},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":300},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":262},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":258},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":262},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":281},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":328},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":271},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":283},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":268}],"updated_date":"2026-05-14T08:36:36.166977","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
