{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100211715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568086","title":"Cooperative Coevolution: An Architecture for Evolving Coadapted Subcomponents","display_name":"Cooperative Coevolution: An Architecture for Evolving Coadapted Subcomponents","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100211715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568086","mag":"2100211715","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10753229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/106365600568086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38677346","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1063-6560","issn":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050439771","display_name":"Mitchell A. Potter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mitchell A. Potter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111782149","display_name":"Kenneth De Jong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-280X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth A. De Jong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030, USA","Computer Science Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050439771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1207,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99830926,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.8282772302627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coevolution","display_name":"Coevolution","score":0.7233214378356934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5998562574386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5179747343063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.503778874874115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.41483497619628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependence","display_name":"Interdependence","score":0.4127645492553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.19292068481445312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-biology","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","score":0.16128656268119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.8282772302627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33009525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208841","display_name":"Coevolution","level":2,"score":0.7233214378356934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5998562574386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5179747343063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.503778874874115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.41483497619628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.4127645492553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.19292068481445312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.16128656268119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000222","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Physiological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000222","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Physiological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000222","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Physiological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/106365600568086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/106365600568086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38677346","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1063-6560","issn":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10753229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10753229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.134.2926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.134.2926","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mitpress.mit.edu/journals/pdf/evco_8_1_1_0.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.217.1204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.217.1204","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.unr.edu/~sushil/class/gas/papers/jianjunCoevolutionDeJong.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.29.593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.29.593","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~mpotter/pubs/ecj00.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.35.5861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.35.5861","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mitpress.mit.edu/journals/EVCO/Potter.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50076749","https://openalex.org/W67189808","https://openalex.org/W98056105","https://openalex.org/W104820061","https://openalex.org/W135895241","https://openalex.org/W192142699","https://openalex.org/W206440355","https://openalex.org/W1500872273","https://openalex.org/W1519324360","https://openalex.org/W1523363758","https://openalex.org/W1532541884","https://openalex.org/W1555689267","https://openalex.org/W1558876224","https://openalex.org/W1581508004","https://openalex.org/W1590733741","https://openalex.org/W1596135418","https://openalex.org/W1606024385","https://openalex.org/W1620932664","https://openalex.org/W1970608725","https://openalex.org/W1973833797","https://openalex.org/W1975834093","https://openalex.org/W1978175161","https://openalex.org/W1996847178","https://openalex.org/W2012036715","https://openalex.org/W2015073373","https://openalex.org/W2043003550","https://openalex.org/W2051856320","https://openalex.org/W2052151991","https://openalex.org/W2059156212","https://openalex.org/W2071688338","https://openalex.org/W2101767921","https://openalex.org/W2104289212","https://openalex.org/W2109779438","https://openalex.org/W2117539519","https://openalex.org/W2129272928","https://openalex.org/W2135486589","https://openalex.org/W2138178898","https://openalex.org/W2141630781","https://openalex.org/W2144636407","https://openalex.org/W2261323909","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2801850938","https://openalex.org/W2895774836","https://openalex.org/W2984808340","https://openalex.org/W3022593335","https://openalex.org/W3198350258","https://openalex.org/W3202930965","https://openalex.org/W3207342693","https://openalex.org/W4235160421","https://openalex.org/W4300402905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045049461","https://openalex.org/W4381094582","https://openalex.org/W1978893398","https://openalex.org/W1977906818","https://openalex.org/W2201908702","https://openalex.org/W2369625323","https://openalex.org/W2364579609","https://openalex.org/W1522139108","https://openalex.org/W2353528968","https://openalex.org/W2032776242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"successfully":[1],"apply":[2],"evolutionary":[3,39,78],"algorithms":[4],"to":[5,36,46,80,108],"the":[6,21,29,82,86,90,94,117,134,146],"solution":[7],"of":[8,23,28,67,85,96,100,112,121,136,148],"increasingly":[9],"complex":[10],"problems,":[11],"we":[12,56,75],"must":[13],"develop":[14],"effective":[15],"techniques":[16],"for":[17,60,93],"evolving":[18,61],"solutions":[19],"in":[20],"form":[22],"interacting":[24],"coadapted":[25],"subcomponents.":[26],"One":[27],"major":[30],"difficulties":[31],"is":[32],"finding":[33],"computational":[34],"extensions":[35],"our":[37],"current":[38],"paradigms":[40],"that":[41,77,103],"will":[42],"enable":[43],"such":[44,62],"subcomponents":[45,63,102,124],"\"emerge\"":[47],"rather":[48],"than":[49],"being":[50],"hand":[51],"designed.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"paper,":[55],"describe":[57],"an":[58,97,109],"architecture":[59],"as":[64,116],"a":[65,71,137,142],"collection":[66],"cooperating":[68],"species.":[69],"Given":[70],"simple":[72],"string-matching":[73],"task,":[74],"show":[76],"pressure":[79],"increase":[81],"overall":[83],"fitness":[84],"ecosystem":[87],"can":[88],"provide":[89],"needed":[91],"stimulus":[92],"emergence":[95],"appropriate":[98,110],"number":[99,118],"interdependent":[101],"cover":[104],"multiple":[105],"niches,":[106],"evolve":[107],"level":[111],"generality,":[113],"and":[114,119],"adapt":[115],"roles":[120],"their":[122],"fellow":[123],"change":[125],"over":[126],"time.":[127],"We":[128],"then":[129],"explore":[130],"these":[131],"issues":[132],"within":[133],"context":[135],"more":[138],"complicated":[139],"domain":[140],"through":[141],"case":[143],"study":[144],"involving":[145],"evolution":[147],"artificial":[149],"neural":[150],"networks.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":67}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}