{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2059800402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474605774785262","title":"The Perception of Walking Speed in a Virtual Environment","display_name":"The Perception of Walking Speed in a Virtual Environment","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2059800402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474605774785262","mag":"2059800402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/105474605774785262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474605774785262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084073884","display_name":"Tom Banton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Banton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040387458","display_name":"Jeanine K. Stefanucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4238-2951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeanine Stefanucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048997213","display_name":"Frank H. Durgin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-0074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118020396","display_name":"Swarthmore College","ror":"https://ror.org/012dg8a96","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118020396"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Durgin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118020396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013879527","display_name":"Adam Fass","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Fass","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049250748","display_name":"Dennis R. Proff\u00edtt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-5234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Proffitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9629,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":167,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84898104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"394","last_page":"406"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7071065306663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5651478171348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferred-walking-speed","display_name":"Preferred walking speed","score":0.5425605773925781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.500023603439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4786157011985779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4677655100822449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4454774856567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/movement","display_name":"Movement (music)","score":0.4199947714805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treadmill","display_name":"Treadmill","score":0.4168432354927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3618537187576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2842510938644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2654392123222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2582736015319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.22848784923553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.1897614598274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.13969376683235168}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7071065306663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5651478171348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70770792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239848","display_name":"Preferred walking speed","level":2,"score":0.5425605773925781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.500023603439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4786157011985779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4677655100822449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4454774856567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848","display_name":"Movement (music)","level":2,"score":0.4199947714805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781464450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839144","display_name":"Treadmill","level":2,"score":0.4168432354927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3618537187576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2842510938644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2654392123222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2582736015319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.22848784923553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.1897614598274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.13969376683235168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/105474605774785262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474605774785262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.swarthmore.edu:fac-psychology-1000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-psychology/1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196506","display_name":"Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118020396","host_organization_name":"Swarthmore College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118020396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Psychology Faculty Works","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18450338","https://openalex.org/W87449900","https://openalex.org/W103175759","https://openalex.org/W118056710","https://openalex.org/W565810507","https://openalex.org/W579726441","https://openalex.org/W625315532","https://openalex.org/W628945853","https://openalex.org/W775563387","https://openalex.org/W1539807061","https://openalex.org/W1675227187","https://openalex.org/W1933657216","https://openalex.org/W1962553602","https://openalex.org/W1968125992","https://openalex.org/W1973401283","https://openalex.org/W1976222029","https://openalex.org/W1986255882","https://openalex.org/W1987489316","https://openalex.org/W1987749461","https://openalex.org/W1990114649","https://openalex.org/W2000427384","https://openalex.org/W2010379873","https://openalex.org/W2018713889","https://openalex.org/W2019047705","https://openalex.org/W2022056345","https://openalex.org/W2026117780","https://openalex.org/W2074153389","https://openalex.org/W2081750762","https://openalex.org/W2086300828","https://openalex.org/W2088225095","https://openalex.org/W2107329622","https://openalex.org/W2112981635","https://openalex.org/W2117724250","https://openalex.org/W2132800627","https://openalex.org/W2148898016","https://openalex.org/W2151102910","https://openalex.org/W2167234241","https://openalex.org/W2283631653","https://openalex.org/W2522536374","https://openalex.org/W2535580239","https://openalex.org/W4313372052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2559407566","https://openalex.org/W2168303459","https://openalex.org/W3207841873","https://openalex.org/W2025469019","https://openalex.org/W3157549710","https://openalex.org/W435345830","https://openalex.org/W2061743972","https://openalex.org/W2883867010","https://openalex.org/W4312256600","https://openalex.org/W3110052557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Studies":[0],"of":[1,138],"locomotion":[2,36],"in":[3,45,99],"virtual":[4],"environments":[5],"assume":[6],"that":[7,24,52,77,88,124,134],"correct":[8,26],"geometric":[9],"principles":[10],"define":[11],"the":[12,43,53,58,65,69,78,89],"relationship":[13],"between":[14],"walking":[15,70],"speed":[16,71,101,131],"and":[17,133],"environmental":[18],"flow.":[19,120],"However,":[20],"we":[21,122],"have":[22],"observed":[23],"geometrically":[25],"optic":[27,116],"flow":[28,117,126],"appears":[29],"to":[30,64,94,105,118],"be":[31],"too":[32],"slow":[33],"during":[34,143],"simulated":[35],"on":[37],"a":[38,46,112,135],"treadmill.":[39],"Experiment":[40,49,74,85],"1":[41],"documents":[42],"effect":[44,54,79,90],"head-mounted":[47],"display.":[48],"2":[50],"shows":[51,76],"is":[55,60,72,80,91,127],"eliminated":[56],"when":[57,68],"gaze":[59,109],"directed":[61],"downward":[62],"or":[63,67,107],"side,":[66],"slow.":[73],"3":[75],"unchanged":[81],"by":[82],"stride":[83],"length.":[84],"4":[86],"verifies":[87],"not":[92],"attributable":[93],"image":[95],"jitter.":[96],"The":[97],"change":[98],"perceived":[100],"from":[102,114],"straight":[103],"ahead":[104],"side":[106],"down":[108],"coincides":[110],"with":[111],"shift":[113],"expanding":[115],"lamellar":[119,125],"Therefore,":[121],"hypothesize":[123],"necessary":[128],"for":[129],"accurate":[130],"perception,":[132],"limited":[136],"field":[137],"view":[139],"eliminates":[140],"this":[141],"cue":[142],"straight-ahead":[144],"gaze.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
