{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158738245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603322955905","title":"A Survey of Surgical Simulation: Applications, Technology, and Education","display_name":"A Survey of Surgical Simulation: Applications, Technology, and Education","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158738245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603322955905","mag":"2158738245"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/105474603322955905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603322955905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101726185","display_name":"Alan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8884-6662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148314036","display_name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04r3kq386","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148314036"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Surgical Simulation Laboratory, National Capital Area Medical, Simulation Center, Uniformed Services University 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Surgical Simulation Laboratory, National Capital Area Medical, Simulation Center, Uniformed Services University 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148314036"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026551557","display_name":"Frank Tendick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Tendick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025749015","display_name":"Kevin Cleary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9809-4823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799903593","display_name":"Georgetown University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00hjz7x27","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799903593"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Cleary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imaging Science and Information, Systems Center, Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical, Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imaging Science and Information, Systems Center, Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical, Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799903593","https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070725449","display_name":"Christoph Kaufmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121374431","display_name":"Unifor","ror":"https://ror.org/02sybec58","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121374431"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139787848","display_name":"Capital University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jy9e726","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139787848"]}],"countries":["NO","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Kaufmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Surgical Simulation Laboratory, National Capital Area Medical, Simulation Center, Uniformed Services University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Surgical Simulation Laboratory, National Capital Area Medical, Simulation Center, Uniformed Services University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139787848","https://openalex.org/I121374431"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101726185"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148314036"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.7143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":281,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98656547,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"599","last_page":"614"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11238","display_name":"Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-simulation","display_name":"Surgical simulation","score":0.691118597984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6052964925765991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5269535183906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.48029062151908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-procedures","display_name":"Surgical procedures","score":0.43758338689804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.38195908069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.3374369740486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.3345488905906677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.29255545139312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24666976928710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.13146314024925232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018608816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195818","display_name":"Surgical simulation","level":2,"score":0.691118597984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6052964925765991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5269535183906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.48029062151908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019611579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6641956","display_name":"Surgical procedures","level":2,"score":0.43758338689804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.38195908069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3374369740486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.3345488905906677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29255545139312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24666976928710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.13146314024925232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/105474603322955905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603322955905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18203565","https://openalex.org/W26929257","https://openalex.org/W59081795","https://openalex.org/W61598246","https://openalex.org/W83066343","https://openalex.org/W87304504","https://openalex.org/W99479793","https://openalex.org/W131525974","https://openalex.org/W142966718","https://openalex.org/W148464905","https://openalex.org/W150494749","https://openalex.org/W176148193","https://openalex.org/W186768675","https://openalex.org/W198569479","https://openalex.org/W204576522","https://openalex.org/W282302886","https://openalex.org/W774581873","https://openalex.org/W1243356103","https://openalex.org/W1487180729","https://openalex.org/W1494671974","https://openalex.org/W1543339467","https://openalex.org/W1546103008","https://openalex.org/W1554541441","https://openalex.org/W1575236452","https://openalex.org/W1580259137","https://openalex.org/W1595581172","https://openalex.org/W1602878983","https://openalex.org/W1673978163","https://openalex.org/W1687397888","https://openalex.org/W1770574814","https://openalex.org/W1906058103","https://openalex.org/W1940553191","https://openalex.org/W1967960860","https://openalex.org/W1968559856","https://openalex.org/W1971040701","https://openalex.org/W1972738855","https://openalex.org/W1978699993","https://openalex.org/W1987298241","https://openalex.org/W1999250663","https://openalex.org/W1999865941","https://openalex.org/W2020497590","https://openalex.org/W2030868422","https://openalex.org/W2041643728","https://openalex.org/W2052947941","https://openalex.org/W2053212688","https://openalex.org/W2062476442","https://openalex.org/W2063189491","https://openalex.org/W2065068680","https://openalex.org/W2075057776","https://openalex.org/W2083632529","https://openalex.org/W2089147784","https://openalex.org/W2094539937","https://openalex.org/W2104701510","https://openalex.org/W2113430348","https://openalex.org/W2119833502","https://openalex.org/W2122385435","https://openalex.org/W2123703543","https://openalex.org/W2123955652","https://openalex.org/W2125099770","https://openalex.org/W2125614177","https://openalex.org/W2129575225","https://openalex.org/W2132792705","https://openalex.org/W2134783269","https://openalex.org/W2145804351","https://openalex.org/W2145890814","https://openalex.org/W2146393651","https://openalex.org/W2146453940","https://openalex.org/W2152870685","https://openalex.org/W2155900093","https://openalex.org/W2159349609","https://openalex.org/W2159622977","https://openalex.org/W2161288442","https://openalex.org/W2161629941","https://openalex.org/W2162636684","https://openalex.org/W2163228497","https://openalex.org/W2164888711","https://openalex.org/W2166316739","https://openalex.org/W2185532731","https://openalex.org/W2203780328","https://openalex.org/W2288146251","https://openalex.org/W2396571225","https://openalex.org/W2411348451","https://openalex.org/W2417433323","https://openalex.org/W2428472863","https://openalex.org/W2475439549","https://openalex.org/W2555756618","https://openalex.org/W2620702988","https://openalex.org/W2989357403","https://openalex.org/W3157497384","https://openalex.org/W3159914786","https://openalex.org/W4376551357"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W135700397","https://openalex.org/W2654654833","https://openalex.org/W2522312264","https://openalex.org/W2116434775","https://openalex.org/W2055994292","https://openalex.org/W2793075490","https://openalex.org/W2402477625","https://openalex.org/W4206298414","https://openalex.org/W143251439","https://openalex.org/W1966867142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Surgical":[0],"simulation":[1],"for":[2],"medical":[3],"education":[4],"is":[5,52],"increasingly":[6],"perceived":[7],"as":[8],"a":[9,18,53,63],"valuable":[10],"addition":[11],"to":[12,26,43],"traditional":[13],"teaching":[14,32],"methods.":[15],"Simulators":[16,38],"provide":[17,44],"structured":[19],"learning":[20],"experience,":[21],"permitting":[22],"practice":[23],"without":[24],"danger":[25],"patients,":[27],"and":[28,72],"simulators":[29],"facilitate":[30],"the":[31],"of":[33,48,55,62],"rare":[34],"or":[35],"unusual":[36],"cases.":[37],"can":[39],"also":[40],"be":[41],"used":[42],"an":[45],"objective":[46],"assessment":[47],"skills.":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51],"survey":[54],"current":[56,67],"surgical":[57],"simulator":[58,64],"systems.":[59],"The":[60],"components":[61],"are":[65,70,76],"described,":[66],"research":[68,74],"directions":[69],"discussed,":[71],"key":[73],"questions":[75],"identified.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}