{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102664136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603321640950","title":"Objective Metrics for the Evaluation of Simple Surgical Skills in Real and Virtual Domains","display_name":"Objective Metrics for the Evaluation of Simple Surgical Skills in Real and Virtual Domains","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102664136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603321640950","mag":"2102664136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/105474603321640950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603321640950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045848590","display_name":"Louise Moody","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-4124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Louise Moody","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic, Electrical and Computer, Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic, Electrical and Computer, Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080376515","display_name":"Chris Baber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-2272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Baber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic, Electrical and Computer, Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic, Electrical and Computer, Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026657286","display_name":"Theodoros N. Arvanitis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-135X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theodoros N. Arvanitis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic, Electrical and Computer, Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic, Electrical and Computer, Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103829942","display_name":"Martin J. Elliott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0167-9700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800129641","display_name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00zn2c847","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800129641","https://openalex.org/I2800349819"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Elliott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiothoracic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for, Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, UK, WC1N 3JH","Cardiothoracic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, UK WCIN 3JH#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiothoracic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for, Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, UK, WC1N 3JH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800129641","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiothoracic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, UK WCIN 3JH#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800129641","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045848590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6736,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93026958,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"207","last_page":"221"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6997004747390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.568877100944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5225726366043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5083617568016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.45358920097351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-procedures","display_name":"Surgical procedures","score":0.4215743839740753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.3390181064605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12964388728141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.09408342838287354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6997004747390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.568877100944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5225726366043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5083617568016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.45358920097351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019611579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6641956","display_name":"Surgical procedures","level":2,"score":0.4215743839740753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3390181064605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12964388728141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.09408342838287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/105474603321640950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603321640950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/eea696fd-16b2-4a39-93d2-c903333f2295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/eea696fd-16b2-4a39-93d2-c903333f2295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Moody, C, Baber, C, Arvanitis, T & Elliot, M 2003, 'Objective Metrics for the Evaluation of Simple Surgical Skills in Real and Virtual Domains', Presence, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603321640950","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/a76635fe-2cf0-468a-acc1-a66278c7a20b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/a76635fe-2cf0-468a-acc1-a66278c7a20b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402411","display_name":"Pure (Coventry University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","host_organization_name":"Coventry University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Moody, L, Baber, C, Arvanitis, T N & Elliott, M 2003, 'Objective metrics for the evaluation of simple surgical skills in real and virtual domains', Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603321640950","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/eea696fd-16b2-4a39-93d2-c903333f2295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://birmingham.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/eea696fd-16b2-4a39-93d2-c903333f2295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Moody , C , Baber , C , Arvanitis , T & Elliot , M 2003 , ' Objective Metrics for the Evaluation of Simple Surgical Skills in Real and Virtual Domains ' , Presence , vol. 12 , no. 2 , pp. 207-221 . https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603321640950","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55332633","https://openalex.org/W60144651","https://openalex.org/W60199872","https://openalex.org/W169300503","https://openalex.org/W292581036","https://openalex.org/W314347836","https://openalex.org/W1496071259","https://openalex.org/W1534678246","https://openalex.org/W1549690437","https://openalex.org/W1882706689","https://openalex.org/W1974565113","https://openalex.org/W1983171253","https://openalex.org/W1984458435","https://openalex.org/W1988254106","https://openalex.org/W2045172869","https://openalex.org/W2054335109","https://openalex.org/W2064228794","https://openalex.org/W2067870298","https://openalex.org/W2068610810","https://openalex.org/W2072318017","https://openalex.org/W2085895350","https://openalex.org/W2086823319","https://openalex.org/W2090831586","https://openalex.org/W2091777347","https://openalex.org/W2095428868","https://openalex.org/W2109498513","https://openalex.org/W2111307664","https://openalex.org/W2129494071","https://openalex.org/W2136735741","https://openalex.org/W2149335851","https://openalex.org/W2231797823","https://openalex.org/W2398956529","https://openalex.org/W2400524411","https://openalex.org/W2414072238","https://openalex.org/W2418830267","https://openalex.org/W4255599054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248389398","https://openalex.org/W4238075012","https://openalex.org/W3008880174","https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728","https://openalex.org/W2140517699","https://openalex.org/W2012842278","https://openalex.org/W4246426965","https://openalex.org/W2083315082","https://openalex.org/W4224903553"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Surgical":[0],"skills":[1,131],"are":[2,114],"traditionally":[3],"assessed":[4],"through":[5],"subjective":[6],"evaluation":[7,46,104],"with":[8,57],"experienced":[9],"surgeons":[10],"observing":[11],"and":[12,67,128,132],"rating":[13],"trainee":[14],"activity.":[15],"However,":[16],"this":[17,73],"process":[18],"can":[19,93,117],"be":[20,120],"expensive,":[21],"particularly":[22],"in":[23,42,50,126],"terms":[24],"of":[25,29,39,45,63,70,82,97,105],"the":[26,43,80,103],"time":[27],"required":[28],"expert":[30],"surgeons.":[31],"Subjective":[32],"assessment":[33,69],"may":[34],"also":[35],"suffer":[36],"from":[37],"problems":[38],"intersubject":[40],"variation":[41],"application":[44],"criteria.":[47],"Computer-based":[48],"training,":[49],"particular":[51],"systems":[52],"combining":[53],"virtual":[54],"reality":[55],"interfaces":[56],"haptic":[58],"displays,":[59],"offers":[60],"a":[61,87],"means":[62],"providing":[64],"both":[65],"automated":[66],"objective":[68,109],"performance.":[71,98],"In":[72],"paper":[74,100],"we":[75],"propose":[76],"that,":[77],"prior":[78],"to":[79,89],"development":[81],"such":[83],"systems,":[84],"there":[85],"is":[86],"need":[88],"determine":[90],"measures":[91],"that":[92],"adequately":[94],"differentiate":[95],"levels":[96],"The":[99],"therefore":[101],"discusses":[102],"surgical":[106,118,130],"technique":[107,119],"using":[108],"metrics.":[110],"Two":[111],"main":[112],"questions":[113],"addressed.":[115],"How":[116],"assessed?":[121],"What":[122],"metrics":[123],"prove":[124],"useful":[125],"defining":[127],"modifying":[129],"techniques?":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}