{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2167464848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474601750182289","title":"High-Performance Wide-Area Optical Tracking: The HiBall Tracking System","display_name":"High-Performance Wide-Area Optical Tracking: The HiBall Tracking System","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2167464848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474601750182289","mag":"2167464848"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/105474601750182289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474601750182289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000643470","display_name":"Greg Welch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8243-646X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Welch","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047408286","display_name":"Gary Bishop","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Bishop","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034716580","display_name":"Leandra Vicci","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leandra Vicci","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008102874","display_name":"Stephen Brumback","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Brumback","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111909587","display_name":"Kurtis Keller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kurtis Keller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062063748","display_name":"D. Colucci","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D'nardo Colucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alternate Realities Corporation"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alternate Realities Corporation","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062063748","https://openalex.org/A5111909587"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":158,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98104562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7193624377250671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7158802151679993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.677510678768158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.6433539986610413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6314340829849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5102434158325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4237421154975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4147719740867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.38237136602401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3772536516189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3229700028896332}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7193624377250671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7158802151679993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.677510678768158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.6433539986610413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6314340829849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5102434158325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4237421154975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4147719740867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.38237136602401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3772536516189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3229700028896332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/105474601750182289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/105474601750182289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.25.4995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.25.4995","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.unc.edu/~tracker/media/pdf/Welch2001_HiBall_Presence.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310050","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W195852268","https://openalex.org/W206682204","https://openalex.org/W304861154","https://openalex.org/W1500564636","https://openalex.org/W1559536185","https://openalex.org/W1566549687","https://openalex.org/W1574622228","https://openalex.org/W1586861069","https://openalex.org/W1646998587","https://openalex.org/W1673978163","https://openalex.org/W1962429298","https://openalex.org/W1970663018","https://openalex.org/W1980395864","https://openalex.org/W1981233285","https://openalex.org/W1982131895","https://openalex.org/W1988455886","https://openalex.org/W1989742860","https://openalex.org/W1994281102","https://openalex.org/W2004562769","https://openalex.org/W2053280387","https://openalex.org/W2059717934","https://openalex.org/W2062393667","https://openalex.org/W2063113657","https://openalex.org/W2068415364","https://openalex.org/W2085908278","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2123752330","https://openalex.org/W2139498032","https://openalex.org/W2141404075","https://openalex.org/W2144120361","https://openalex.org/W2144573889","https://openalex.org/W2149003305","https://openalex.org/W2158861061","https://openalex.org/W2167163251","https://openalex.org/W2167184189","https://openalex.org/W2168467299","https://openalex.org/W2170081783","https://openalex.org/W2234777211","https://openalex.org/W2294090394","https://openalex.org/W2432517183","https://openalex.org/W2483982199","https://openalex.org/W2546299398","https://openalex.org/W2796837256","https://openalex.org/W3022404379","https://openalex.org/W3097169496","https://openalex.org/W3211637729"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394134009","https://openalex.org/W1971984615","https://openalex.org/W4315836311","https://openalex.org/W2393252924","https://openalex.org/W2787600244","https://openalex.org/W2186532442","https://openalex.org/W2354867839","https://openalex.org/W2095056275","https://openalex.org/W2114619023","https://openalex.org/W2081458170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,4,8,35,49,71,81,86],"early":[2],"1980s,":[3],"Tracker":[5],"Project":[6],"at":[7,13],"University":[9],"of":[10,65],"North":[11],"Carolina":[12],"Chapel":[14],"Hill":[15],"has":[16,31],"been":[17,32],"working":[18],"on":[19],"wide-area":[20],"head":[21],"tracking":[22],"for":[23,39,80],"virtual":[24],"and":[25,51,61,84,91,101],"augmented":[26],"environments.":[27],"Our":[28],"long-term":[29],"goal":[30],"to":[33],"achieve":[34],"high":[36],"performance":[37],"required":[38],"accurate":[40],"visual":[41],"simulation":[42],"throughout":[43],"our":[44,66],"entire":[45],"laboratory,":[46],"beyond":[47],"into":[48],"hallways,":[50],"eventually":[52],"even":[53],"outdoors.":[54],"In":[55,75],"this":[56],"article,":[57],"we":[58,77],"present":[59],"results":[60],"a":[62],"complete":[63],"description":[64],"most":[67],"recent":[68],"electro-optical":[69],"system,":[70],"HiBall":[72],"Tracking":[73],"System.":[74],"particular,":[76],"discuss":[78],"motivation":[79],"geometric":[82],"configuration":[83],"describe":[85],"novel":[87],"optical,":[88],"mechanical,":[89],"electronic,":[90],"algorithmic":[92],"aspects":[93],"that":[94],"enable":[95],"unprecedented":[96],"speed,":[97],"resolution,":[98],"accuracy,":[99],"robustness,":[100],"flexibility.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
