{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125893739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976699300016502","title":"Spatiotemporal Coding in the Cortex: Information Flow-Based Learning in Spiking Neural Networks","display_name":"Spatiotemporal Coding in the Cortex: Information Flow-Based Learning in Spiking Neural Networks","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125893739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976699300016502","mag":"2125893739","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10226189"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976699300016502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976699300016502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047963275","display_name":"Gustavo Deco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-7583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo Deco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, 81739 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, 81739 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020626545","display_name":"Bernd Sch\u00fcrmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Sch\u00fcrmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, 81739 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, 81739 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0004,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75156874,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"919","last_page":"934"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.6067615151405334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-coding","display_name":"Neural coding","score":0.5988685488700867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.58843994140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensory-system","display_name":"Sensory system","score":0.5840854048728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5259076356887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5019865036010742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-flow","display_name":"Information flow","score":0.470802903175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.4402340054512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"Information theory","score":0.4166964888572693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.4001007080078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2140212059020996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1981557011604309}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.6067615151405334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77637269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002051","display_name":"Neural coding","level":2,"score":0.5988685488700867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.58843994140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.5840854048728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5259076356887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5019865036010742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779136372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10283002","display_name":"Information flow","level":2,"score":0.470802903175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.4402340054512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.4166964888572693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.4001007080078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2140212059020996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1981557011604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003344","descriptor_name":"Cortical Synchronization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003344","descriptor_name":"Cortical Synchronization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003344","descriptor_name":"Cortical Synchronization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004192","descriptor_name":"Discrimination, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004192","descriptor_name":"Discrimination, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004192","descriptor_name":"Discrimination, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007257","descriptor_name":"Information Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007257","descriptor_name":"Information Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007257","descriptor_name":"Information Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976699300016502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976699300016502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10226189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10226189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60166153","https://openalex.org/W97189701","https://openalex.org/W1484033701","https://openalex.org/W1501028655","https://openalex.org/W1518529138","https://openalex.org/W1526844937","https://openalex.org/W1568617409","https://openalex.org/W1578908354","https://openalex.org/W1592767537","https://openalex.org/W1971068435","https://openalex.org/W1984931175","https://openalex.org/W2003928020","https://openalex.org/W2013239224","https://openalex.org/W2015360457","https://openalex.org/W2032774941","https://openalex.org/W2042524010","https://openalex.org/W2046822701","https://openalex.org/W2056631950","https://openalex.org/W2057213277","https://openalex.org/W2062899906","https://openalex.org/W2064152920","https://openalex.org/W2069291384","https://openalex.org/W2084292980","https://openalex.org/W2084793648","https://openalex.org/W2085319761","https://openalex.org/W2097560155","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2133869598","https://openalex.org/W2172294131","https://openalex.org/W2341008280","https://openalex.org/W2767173102","https://openalex.org/W2883283267"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245239624","https://openalex.org/W2594187004","https://openalex.org/W2144588131","https://openalex.org/W3132903103","https://openalex.org/W4229009776","https://openalex.org/W2497360835","https://openalex.org/W2890845056","https://openalex.org/W2169074879","https://openalex.org/W3158706105","https://openalex.org/W2125893739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,24,55,79],"learning":[3,63],"paradigm":[4],"for":[5,39,44,62,74,81],"networks":[6],"of":[7,54,76],"integrate-and-fire":[8],"spiking":[9],"neurons":[10,35],"that":[11,27,33,68],"is":[12],"based":[13],"on":[14],"an":[15,89],"information-theoretic":[16,90],"criterion.":[17],"This":[18,84],"criterion":[19],"can":[20,48,85],"be":[21,49,86],"viewed":[22],"as":[23,51,59,78],"first":[25],"principle":[26,47],"demonstrates":[28],"the":[29,52,64,94],"experimentally":[30],"observed":[31],"fact":[32],"cortical":[34],"display":[36],"synchronous":[37,72],"firing":[38,73],"some":[40],"stimuli":[41],"and":[42,70],"not":[43],"others.":[45],"The":[46],"regarded":[50],"postulation":[53],"nonparametric":[56],"reconstruction":[57],"method":[58],"optimization":[60],"criteria":[61],"required":[65],"functional":[66],"connectivity":[67],"justifies":[69],"explains":[71],"binding":[75],"features":[77],"mechanism":[80],"spatiotemporal":[82],"coding.":[83],"expressed":[87],"in":[88,101],"way":[91],"by":[92],"maximizing":[93],"discrimination":[95],"ability":[96],"between":[97],"different":[98],"sensory":[99],"inputs":[100],"minimal":[102],"time.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}