{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2111622281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976698300017593","title":"Toward Optimally Distributed Computation","display_name":"Toward Optimally Distributed Computation","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2111622281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976698300017593","mag":"2111622281","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9573416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976698300017593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976698300017593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026010512","display_name":"Peter Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-9186"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter J. Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Edinburgh University, EH9 3JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Edinburgh University, EH9 3JL, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105524416","display_name":"Alan F. Murray","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan F. Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Edinburgh University, EH9 3JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Edinburgh University, EH9 3JL, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026010512"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8173,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95350922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"987","last_page":"1005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.8570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.7768268585205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/models-of-neural-computation","display_name":"Models of neural computation","score":0.7174814939498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6845472455024719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6801027059555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6257349848747253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.5521360039710999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.5195282101631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.5160664916038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-neural-network","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","score":0.45089486241340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43902334570884705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3286384344100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.30963945388793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.2643824815750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22358015179634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.07793104648590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07531920075416565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.8570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7768268585205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3832189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8588916","display_name":"Models of neural computation","level":3,"score":0.7174814939498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6845472455024719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6801027059555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6257349848747253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.5521360039710999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.5195282101631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.5160664916038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47702885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441227","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","level":3,"score":0.45089486241340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43902334570884705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3286384344100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30963945388793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2643824815750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22358015179634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.07793104648590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07531920075416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976698300017593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976698300017593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9573416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9573416","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48641745","https://openalex.org/W124100583","https://openalex.org/W589767970","https://openalex.org/W832044039","https://openalex.org/W1543349795","https://openalex.org/W1547224907","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1567512734","https://openalex.org/W1971735090","https://openalex.org/W1974100460","https://openalex.org/W2035570353","https://openalex.org/W2062272899","https://openalex.org/W2076118331","https://openalex.org/W2095734615","https://openalex.org/W2098137815","https://openalex.org/W2101228561","https://openalex.org/W2111051539","https://openalex.org/W2111406701","https://openalex.org/W2120075561","https://openalex.org/W2125389748","https://openalex.org/W2141278204","https://openalex.org/W2144784023","https://openalex.org/W2145249131","https://openalex.org/W2156839214","https://openalex.org/W2727300753","https://openalex.org/W2912811302","https://openalex.org/W3195224592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115072676","https://openalex.org/W2045727192","https://openalex.org/W4311212821","https://openalex.org/W2102065768","https://openalex.org/W4390752998","https://openalex.org/W1529660427","https://openalex.org/W3121106353","https://openalex.org/W2158578859","https://openalex.org/W2479305098","https://openalex.org/W2333277077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,76],"introduces":[2],"the":[3,20,24,34,68],"concept":[4],"of":[5,15,23],"optimally":[6],"distributed":[7,29],"computation":[8,26,83],"in":[9,50],"feedforward":[10],"neural":[11,82],"networks":[12],"via":[13],"regularization":[14,78],"weight":[16],"saliency.":[17],"By":[18],"constraining":[19],"relative":[21],"importance":[22],"parameters,":[25],"can":[27],"be":[28],"thinly":[30],"and":[31,47,67],"evenly":[32],"throughout":[33],"network.":[35],"We":[36],"propose":[37],"that":[38],"this":[39,75],"will":[40],"have":[41],"beneficial":[42],"effects":[43],"on":[44,62],"fault-tolerance":[45],"performance":[46],"generalization":[48],"ability":[49],"large":[51],"network":[52],"architectures.":[53],"These":[54],"theoretical":[55],"predictions":[56],"are":[57],"verified":[58],"by":[59],"simulation":[60],"experiments":[61],"two":[63],"problems:":[64],"one":[65],"artificial":[66],"other":[69],"a":[70],"real-world":[71],"task.":[72],"In":[73],"summary,":[74],"presents":[77],"terms":[79],"for":[80],"distributing":[81],"optimally.":[84]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}