{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2111239915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976603321043711","title":"Duality of Rate Coding and Temporal Coding in Multilayered Feedforward Networks","display_name":"Duality of Rate Coding and Temporal Coding in Multilayered Feedforward Networks","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2111239915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976603321043711","mag":"2111239915","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12590821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976603321043711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976603321043711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976603321043711","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086073834","display_name":"Naoki Masuda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1567-801X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naoki Masuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Engineering and Information Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, masuda@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Engineering and Information Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, masuda@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038078845","display_name":"Kazuyuki Aihara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4602-9816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuyuki Aihara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, aihara@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, aihara@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086073834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87837016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"103","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11513","display_name":"stochastic dynamics and bifurcation","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-coding","display_name":"Neural coding","score":0.7214738130569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.6966060996055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.6092556118965149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5624790191650391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.424679696559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.42361706495285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40971750020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39140164852142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3837098479270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28220197558403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1746145486831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.08071371912956238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77637269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002051","display_name":"Neural coding","level":2,"score":0.7214738130569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.6966060996055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.6092556118965149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5624790191650391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.424679696559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.42361706495285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40971750020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39140164852142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3837098479270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28220197558403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1746145486831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08071371912956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976603321043711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976603321043711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12590821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12590821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976603321043711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976603321043711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60166153","https://openalex.org/W1489333352","https://openalex.org/W1499761551","https://openalex.org/W1539683305","https://openalex.org/W1568568318","https://openalex.org/W1765390228","https://openalex.org/W1779118659","https://openalex.org/W1923658178","https://openalex.org/W1948806673","https://openalex.org/W1973752972","https://openalex.org/W1976212588","https://openalex.org/W1982570959","https://openalex.org/W1986246844","https://openalex.org/W1990305461","https://openalex.org/W1990461269","https://openalex.org/W1996759753","https://openalex.org/W1997023985","https://openalex.org/W1999960123","https://openalex.org/W2001860569","https://openalex.org/W2004478098","https://openalex.org/W2006195087","https://openalex.org/W2008284899","https://openalex.org/W2010714529","https://openalex.org/W2014339193","https://openalex.org/W2017006646","https://openalex.org/W2017209122","https://openalex.org/W2022995207","https://openalex.org/W2023624406","https://openalex.org/W2024390075","https://openalex.org/W2029342452","https://openalex.org/W2031543773","https://openalex.org/W2051839184","https://openalex.org/W2058691103","https://openalex.org/W2062899906","https://openalex.org/W2066703464","https://openalex.org/W2066980127","https://openalex.org/W2073512103","https://openalex.org/W2079948225","https://openalex.org/W2080442991","https://openalex.org/W2084793648","https://openalex.org/W2085319761","https://openalex.org/W2091845343","https://openalex.org/W2113146504","https://openalex.org/W2125630633","https://openalex.org/W2125890120","https://openalex.org/W2130168752","https://openalex.org/W2131391582","https://openalex.org/W2132497176","https://openalex.org/W2138704896","https://openalex.org/W2139500653","https://openalex.org/W2139975927","https://openalex.org/W2142373488","https://openalex.org/W2144263190","https://openalex.org/W2153564253","https://openalex.org/W2156146528","https://openalex.org/W2158506047","https://openalex.org/W2165857059","https://openalex.org/W2172294131","https://openalex.org/W2185212694","https://openalex.org/W2341008280","https://openalex.org/W3120055268"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2286391053","https://openalex.org/W2982600058","https://openalex.org/W1963486701","https://openalex.org/W2312483540","https://openalex.org/W4249477090","https://openalex.org/W191745111","https://openalex.org/W1522083559","https://openalex.org/W2007570603","https://openalex.org/W2773679836","https://openalex.org/W2065031478"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"functional":[1],"role":[2],"for":[3],"precise":[4],"spike":[5],"timing":[6],"has":[7],"been":[8],"proposed":[9],"as":[10],"an":[11],"alternative":[12],"hypothesis":[13],"to":[14,81],"rate":[15,31],"coding.":[16],"We":[17],"show":[18],"in":[19,37],"this":[20],"article":[21],"that":[22],"both":[23],"the":[24,29,82,86],"synchronous":[25],"firing":[26],"code":[27,32],"and":[28,68,85],"population":[30],"can":[33],"be":[34],"used":[35],"dually":[36],"a":[38,42],"common":[39],"framework":[40],"of":[41,73,75,88],"single":[43],"neural":[44],"network":[45],"model.":[46],"Furthermore,":[47],"these":[48,76],"two":[49],"coding":[50],"mechanisms":[51],"are":[52,78],"bridged":[53],"continuously":[54],"by":[55],"several":[56],"modulatable":[57],"model":[58],"parameters,":[59],"including":[60],"shared":[61],"connectivity,":[62],"feedback":[63],"strength,":[64],"membrane":[65],"leak":[66],"rate,":[67],"neuron":[69],"heterogeneity.":[70],"The":[71],"rates":[72],"change":[74],"parameters":[77],"closely":[79],"related":[80],"response":[83],"time":[84],"timescale":[87],"learning.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}