{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2154039517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976602320263980","title":"Learning Nonregular Languages: A Comparison of Simple Recurrent Networks and LSTM","display_name":"Learning Nonregular Languages: A Comparison of Simple Recurrent Networks and LSTM","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2154039517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976602320263980","mag":"2154039517","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12184841"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976602320263980","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976602320263980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071172037","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Schmidhuber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044994184","display_name":"Felix A. Gers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2258-2983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"F. Gers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055592482","display_name":"Douglas Eck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. Eck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, 6928 Manno-Lugano, Switzerland,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044994184","https://openalex.org/A5055592482","https://openalex.org/A5071172037"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8642,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":79,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93755964,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"2039","last_page":"2041"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.7461899518966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.666218638420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5728889107704163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.539185106754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.431536465883255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39866384863853455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3874436020851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.375181645154953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3367650508880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.08729368448257446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7461899518966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.666218638420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5728889107704163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.539185106754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.431536465883255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39866384863853455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3874436020851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.375181645154953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3367650508880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08729368448257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011381","descriptor_name":"Programming Languages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011381","descriptor_name":"Programming Languages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011381","descriptor_name":"Programming Languages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011381","descriptor_name":"Programming Languages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976602320263980","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976602320263980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12184841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12184841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.11.7369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.7369","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.felixgers.de/./papers/2002_nc.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.8.8728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.8.8728","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/juergen/nc2002.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603870118","https://openalex.org/W1899504021","https://openalex.org/W1969010420","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2114910879","https://openalex.org/W2116723809","https://openalex.org/W2121029939","https://openalex.org/W2147026891","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4225394202","https://openalex.org/W4298287631","https://openalex.org/W2953061907","https://openalex.org/W3032952384","https://openalex.org/W3034302643","https://openalex.org/W1847088711","https://openalex.org/W3036642985","https://openalex.org/W2964335273","https://openalex.org/W1585007175","https://openalex.org/W1889624880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"response":[1],"to":[2],"Rodriguez's":[3],"recent":[4],"article":[5],"(2001),":[6],"we":[7],"compare":[8],"the":[9],"performance":[10],"of":[11],"simple":[12],"recurrent":[13,19],"nets":[14,20],"and":[15,23],"long":[16],"short-term":[17],"memory":[18],"on":[21],"context-free":[22],"context-sensitive":[24],"languages.":[25]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}