{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103752162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601750399317","title":"An Autoassociative Neural Network Model of Paired-Associate Learning","display_name":"An Autoassociative Neural Network Model of Paired-Associate Learning","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103752162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601750399317","mag":"2103752162","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11516358"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976601750399317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601750399317","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077035381","display_name":"Daniel S. Rizzuto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1293-9977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6902469","display_name":"Brandeis University","ror":"https://ror.org/05abbep66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel S. Rizzuto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, U.S.A","Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, U.S.A.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, U.S.A.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000983569","display_name":"Michael J. Kahana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-9525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6902469","display_name":"Brandeis University","ror":"https://ror.org/05abbep66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Kahana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, U.S.A","Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, U.S.A.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, U.S.A.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6945,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83389581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"2075","last_page":"2092"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-associative-memory","display_name":"Bidirectional associative memory","score":0.7916128635406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.7074342966079712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/associative-property","display_name":"Associative property","score":0.7006062269210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-addressable-memory","display_name":"Content-addressable memory","score":0.6535327434539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hebbian-theory","display_name":"Hebbian theory","score":0.6507588028907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.6191128492355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.60822594165802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/association","display_name":"Association (psychology)","score":0.6036865711212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5964483022689819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/associative-learning","display_name":"Associative learning","score":0.5400939583778381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5269373655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.49096062779426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism","display_name":"Connectionism","score":0.44194769859313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leabra","display_name":"Leabra","score":0.44116368889808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3565501570701599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3004438281059265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.19034558534622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16295495629310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization-error","display_name":"Generalization error","score":0.10651180148124695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120620853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506355","display_name":"Bidirectional associative memory","level":4,"score":0.7916128635406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.7074342966079712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159423971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177251","display_name":"Associative property","level":2,"score":0.7006062269210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53442348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745101","display_name":"Content-addressable memory","level":3,"score":0.6535327434539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111437709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277874","display_name":"Hebbian theory","level":3,"score":0.6507588028907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.6191128492355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.60822594165802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6036865711212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5964483022689819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983526489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133500","display_name":"Associative learning","level":2,"score":0.5400939583778381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5269373655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.49096062779426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.44194769859313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97108695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508265","display_name":"Leabra","level":5,"score":0.44116368889808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3565501570701599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3004438281059265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.19034558534622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16295495629310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117765406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362437","display_name":"Generalization error","level":3,"score":0.10651180148124695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17061570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7960888","display_name":"Wake-sleep algorithm","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001245","descriptor_name":"Association Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001245","descriptor_name":"Association Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001245","descriptor_name":"Association Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976601750399317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601750399317","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11516358","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11516358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.20.4796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.20.4796","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://memlab1.ccs.brandeis.edu/~rizzuto/publications/RizzKaha01.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.32.129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.32.129","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://fechner.ccs.brandeis.edu/files/rizzuto/rk99.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.45.7929","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.45.7929","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://fechner.ccs.brandeis.edu/pub/rizzuto/rk99.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76581485","https://openalex.org/W1521255740","https://openalex.org/W1926328720","https://openalex.org/W1966367199","https://openalex.org/W1966903828","https://openalex.org/W1967337726","https://openalex.org/W1974111857","https://openalex.org/W1975281139","https://openalex.org/W1975823522","https://openalex.org/W1999183213","https://openalex.org/W1999813559","https://openalex.org/W2001788447","https://openalex.org/W2002249797","https://openalex.org/W2003855048","https://openalex.org/W2003927407","https://openalex.org/W2005397482","https://openalex.org/W2011487865","https://openalex.org/W2015159482","https://openalex.org/W2016943722","https://openalex.org/W2026628830","https://openalex.org/W2030007850","https://openalex.org/W2036773579","https://openalex.org/W2038074002","https://openalex.org/W2046327322","https://openalex.org/W2048092463","https://openalex.org/W2048325563","https://openalex.org/W2049709567","https://openalex.org/W2053292822","https://openalex.org/W2060006523","https://openalex.org/W2065546367","https://openalex.org/W2065767723","https://openalex.org/W2072947779","https://openalex.org/W2074673068","https://openalex.org/W2075210427","https://openalex.org/W2087256554","https://openalex.org/W2088876640","https://openalex.org/W2097571405","https://openalex.org/W2104436836","https://openalex.org/W2110349867","https://openalex.org/W2139838998","https://openalex.org/W2155612774","https://openalex.org/W2164301806","https://openalex.org/W2168063364","https://openalex.org/W2293063825","https://openalex.org/W4229518371","https://openalex.org/W4234028443","https://openalex.org/W4245942056","https://openalex.org/W4247827174","https://openalex.org/W4252857511","https://openalex.org/W4253053625","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980960668","https://openalex.org/W2001256769","https://openalex.org/W4306291900","https://openalex.org/W3114310175","https://openalex.org/W4287549639","https://openalex.org/W2106485397","https://openalex.org/W1875637853","https://openalex.org/W166733291","https://openalex.org/W1618190107","https://openalex.org/W1581130842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hebbian":[0],"heteroassociative":[1],"learning":[2,156],"is":[3],"inherently":[4],"asymmetric.":[5],"Storing":[6],"a":[7,85,97,103,118,169,175],"forward":[8,52,74,137,182],"association,":[9],"from":[10],"item":[11,14],"A":[12,28,39,90],"to":[13,40,45,60,116],"B,":[15],"enables":[16],"recall":[17,26,65],"of":[18,27,71,96,109,121,154,171],"B":[19,41,43,92],"(given":[20,29],"A),":[21],"but":[22],"does":[23],"not":[24],"permit":[25],"B).":[30],"Recurrent":[31],"networks":[32,80],"can":[33,56,81],"solve":[34],"this":[35],"problem":[36],"by":[37],"associating":[38],"and":[42,53,75,91,112,138,183],"back":[44],"A.":[46],"In":[47,67],"these":[48,78],"recurrent":[49,79,105],"networks,":[50],"the":[51,68,131,136,158],"backward":[54,76,139,184],"associations":[55,161,185],"be":[57,82],"differentially":[58],"weighted":[59],"account":[61],"for":[62],"asymmetries":[63],"in":[64,188],"performance.":[66],"special":[69],"case":[70],"equal":[72],"strength":[73],"weights,":[77],"modeled":[83],"as":[84,168,179],"single":[86,176],"autoassociative":[87],"network":[88,107],"where":[89],"are":[93,142,148,165],"two":[94,172],"parts":[95],"single,":[98],"stored":[99],"pattern.":[100],"We":[101],"analyze":[102],"general,":[104],"neural":[106],"model":[108,129],"associative":[110,126,155],"memory":[111],"examine":[113],"its":[114],"ability":[115],"fit":[117],"rich":[119],"set":[120],"experimental":[122],"data":[123,132],"on":[124],"human":[125],"learning.":[127],"The":[128],"fits":[130],"significantly":[133],"better":[134,166],"when":[135,146],"storage":[140],"strengths":[141],"highly":[143],"correlated":[144],"than":[145,178],"they":[147],"less":[149],"correlated.":[150],"This":[151],"network-based":[152],"analysis":[153],"supports":[157],"view":[159],"that":[160],"between":[162],"symbolic":[163],"elements":[164],"conceptualized":[167],"blending":[170],"ideas":[173],"into":[174],"unit":[177],"separately":[180],"modifiable":[181],"linking":[186],"representations":[187],"memory.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
